剑4Test4阅读译文Passage1-人类的运动极限没有尽头

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　　Passage1

　　参考译文

　　How much higher? How much faster?

　　—Limits to human sporting performance are not yet in sight—

　　多高?多快?

　　——人类的运动极限没有尽头

　　Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space. For the so-called power events — that require a relatively brief, explosive release of energy, like the 100-metre sprint and the long jump — times and distances have improved ten to twenty per cent. In the endurance events the results have been more dramatic. At the 1908 Olympics, John Hayes of the U.S. team ran a marathon in a time of 2:55:18. In 1999, Morocco’s Khalid Khannouchi set a new world record of 2:05:42, almost thirty per cent faster.

　　自从20世纪早期国际田联开始记录成绩以来，运动员奔跑的速度，跳的高度，投掷重物的距离都在稳步提髙。在那些需要爆发力的项目，比如100米跑和跳远项目中，时间和距离都提高了10%-20%。在耐力项目中，运动成绩提高得更多。1908年的奥运会上，美国队的约翰?海因跑出了2小时55分18秒的马拉松成绩。在1999年，摩洛哥的选手海耶斯以2小时05分42秒的成绩创造了新的世界记录，几乎提高了30%。

　　No one theory can explain improvements in performance, but the most important factor has been genetics. ‘The athlete must choose his parents carefully,’ says Jesus Dapena, a sports scientist at Indiana University, invoking an oftcited adage. Over the past century, the composition of the human gene pool has not changed appreciably, but with increasing global participation in athletics — and greater rewards to tempt athletes — it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified early. ‘Was there someone like [sprinter] Michael Johnson in the 1920s?’ Dapena asks. ‘I’m sure there was, but his talent was probably never realised.’

　　没有任何一个人的理论可以解释成绩的提高，但是最重要的因素是基因。印第安纳大学的运动科学家Jesus Dapena援引一常用谚语说“运动员必须小心选择自己的父母。”在过去的一个世纪里，人类基因库的成分并没有显著地变化，只是全世界有越来越多的人参与了这项运动，诱惑运动员提髙成绩的物质奖励也越来越多，因此现在比以往更有可能尽早发现那些独具运动员基因的个体。Dapena问道：“在20世纪20年代，能找到像短跑运动员迈克?杰克逊一样的人吗?我敢肯定是能的，只是人们从未意识到他身上具有的才能。”

　　Identifying genetically talented individuals is only the first step. Michael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University at Fullerton, maintains that ‘genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can do. But with the right training we can go much further with that one third than we’ve been going.’ Yessis believes that U.S. runners, despite their impressive achievements, are ‘running on their genetics’. By applying more scientific methods, ‘they’re going to go much faster’. These methods include strength training that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union.

　　识别基因的个体只是步。加州大学FuUerton分校的运动科学系的退休教授Michael Yessis认为基因在运动员的表现上只起三分之一的作用。但是，辅以正确的训练，我们可以做得更好。他认为美国的赛跑选手尽管已取得了众多骄人成绩，但他们是“靠他们的基因在跑”。通过使用更多的科学训练方法，“他们将跑得更快”。这些方法包括力量训练。这些训练再现运动员在比赛中的动作，并应用了前苏联首先使用的一种训练技巧——增强式训练模式。

　　Whereas most exercises are designed to build up strength or endurance, plyometrics focuses on increasing power — the rate at which an athlete can expend energy. When a sprinter runs, Yessis explains, her foot stays in contact with the ground for just under a tenth of a second, half of which is devoted to landing and the other half to pushing off. Plyometric exercises help athletes make the best use of this brief interval.

　　虽然绝大多数的训练用来提高力量或者持久性，增强式训练注重提高力——即运动员使用能量的速度。Yessis解释到，在一个短跑运动员跑步时，她的脚和地面接触少于1/10秒，在这1/10秒中，一半的时间用于着地，另一半的时间用于蹬地。增强式训练能帮助运动员地利用这一短暂的间隙。

　　Nutrition is another area that sports trainers have failed to address adequately. ‘Many athletes are not getting the best nutrition, even through supplements,’ Yessis insists. Each activity has its own nutritional needs. Few coaches, for instance, understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to injuries.

　　营养是另一个没有得到运动教练足够重视的方面。Yessis坚称，即使吃了补品，很多运动员也没有得到的营养。毎一项活动都有自己的营养需求。到目前为止，几乎没有教练懂得微量矿物质的缺乏是怎样使运动员受伤的。

　　Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be broken. ‘If we applied the Russian training model to some of the outstanding runners we have in this country,’ Yessis asserts, ‘they would be breaking records left and right.’ He will not predict by how much, however: ‘Exactly what the limits are it’s hard to say, but there will be increases even if only by hundredths of a second, as long as our training continues to improve.’

　　在打破记录方面，集中训练也起了作用。Yessis断言：“如果对我们国内的一些杰出赛跑运动员采取俄罗斯的训练模式，他们将会经常破记录。”但是，他没有预测能在多大程度上破记录。“实际上极限在什么地方是很难说的，但是只要我们的训练不断增强，就会有提高，哪怕只有1/100秒。”

　　One of the most important new methodologies is biomechanics, the study of the body in motion. A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes her performance, recording the motion of every joint and limb in three dimensions. By applying Newton’s laws to these motions, ‘we can say that this athlete’s run is not fast enough; that this one is not using his arms strongly enough during take-off,’ says Dapena, who uses these methods to help high jumpers. To date, however, biomechanics has made only a small difference to athletic performance.

　　最重要的新方法之一就是生物力学，研究运动中身体的学科。生物力学将一个在运动中的运动员拍下来，然后将她的表现资料数字化，在三维空间上记录下每一个关节和肢体的运动。通过在三维空间采用牛顿定律，“我们可以得出结论：这个运动员的奔跑速度不够快，在起跑的过程中并没有强有力地使用胳膊，”Dapena说道。Dapena用这些方法帮助跳高运动员。然而，到目前为止，生物力学对运动员的进步起到的作用不大。

　　Revolutionary ideas still come from the athletes themselves. For example, during the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, a relatively unknown high jumper named Dick Fosbury won the gold by going over the bar backwards, in complete contradiction of all the received high-jumping wisdom, a move instantly dubbed the Fosbury flop. Fosbury himself did not know what he was doing. That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists, who put their minds to comprehending something that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations. Fosbury also required another element that lies behind many improvements in athletic performance: an innovation in athletic equipment. In Fosbury’s case, it was the cushions that jumpers land on. Traditionally, high jumpers would land in pits filled with sawdust. But by Fosbury’s time, sawdust pits had been replaced by soft foam cushions, ideal for flopping.

　　革命性的观点同样还来自运动员自己。比如，在1968年墨西哥城的奥运会上，一个相对来说不是很出名的运动员迪克?F，使用了一个向后跳跃的方法获得了，他的这个方法和当时已有的跳髙方法完全不同，马上被命名为F式落法(既背越式)。他本人并不知道他正在做什么。生物力学后来对他的方法进行了分析，并理解了这一方法。这些绞尽脑汁去理解这种过于复杂和非传统的方法，而这一方法在他们自己的数学模拟中都没有出现过。F式落法还需要另一个条件来提高运动员的成绩：运动装备上的革新。在迪克?F例子中，这一元素正是运动员着陆的垫子。传统意义上，跳髙运动员都会着陆在填满木屑的深坑里。但是到了迪克?F的年代，填满木屑的深坑被软泡沫垫子代替了，而这种垫子是这种跳法再理想不过的装备了。

　　In the end, most people who examine human performance are humbled by the resourcefulness of athletes and the powers of the human body. ‘Once you study athletics, you learn that it’s a vexingly complex issue,’ says John S. Raglin, a sports psychologist at Indiana University. ‘Core performance is not a simple or mundane thing of higher, faster, longer. So many variables enter into the equation, and our understanding in many cases is fundamental. We've got a long way to go.’ For the foreseeable future, records will be made to be broken.

　　终于，大多数研究人员被运动员的充沛的体力和人类身体的力量所折服了。“一旦你开始研究运动，你就会发现这是一个令人懊恼的复杂的问题/印第安纳大学的运动心理学家John S. Raglin说：“不是简简单单的更高，更快，更强就可以提髙核心成绩的。有很多的变量要引入这一方程式，我们对很多情况的理解都是最基本的。我们还有很长的路要走。”在可预见的将来，记录将被打破。

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