摘要:托福TPO试题基本所有参加托福考生必做试题,为更好服务于广大考生,上海新航道小编会及时的更新托福TPO试题信息,包括TPO试题、答案及解析等内容。在下文中小编整理了托福TPO64阅读Passage 1完整原文完整,希望对大家有所帮助,如在学习过程中有问题,可以加新航道上海学校专业老师微信(微信号shnc_2018)进行咨询。
托福TPO试题基本所有参加托福考生必做试题,在下文中上海新航道托福培训小编整理了托福TPO64阅读Passage 1完整原文,希望对大家有所帮助!
托福TPO64阅读Passage 1完整原文
Characteristics of Pterosaurs
【Paragraph 1】The extinct flying reptiles called pterosaurs were the second group of animals(after insects) to evolve flight. Most pterosaurs were about the size of modern seagulls. A few were as small as sparrows, but some of the later species were the largest flying animals that have ever lived. In1817TheodoreVonSoemmer ring published the first description of a pterosaur fossil, and thinking that it was that of an unusual bat species, he drew his reconstruction with a very bat like posture and wing. His early reconstruction of a pterosaur has haunted the public and scientific perception of pterosaurs ever since. Soemmerring's reconstruction is understandable given that he was the first to try to describe a pterosaur, that few naturalists of the time accepted the idea of major groups of extinct animals, and that both pterosaurs and bats wings consist of a membrane supported by enormously elongated finger bones. So emmer ring showed his pterosaur with the laterally directed legs and reoriented feet of bats and with the wing membrane stretching from the arm and finger along the sides of the body and legs all the way to the ankle. The reconstruction also included a membrane stretching between the legs, similar to that in bats. Even though other scientists developed less bat like descriptions of pterosaurs in the late1800s, the popular literature, and even some scientific literature, continued to describe pterosaurs as bat like into the 1980s.
【 Paragraph 2 】 Bats perch by hanging upside down from tree limbs and roofs of caves. Though many are surprisingly agile climbers, bats are generally awkward when crawling on level surfaces. Did pterosaurs also hang upside down and avoid landing on the ground? Until recently, some paleontologists thought they did, but most scientists now agree that pterosaurs got around on the ground reasonably well. What is still uncertain is whether pterosaurs walked on all fours or just on their hind legs. Pterosaurs' ancestors were bipedal(two-footed) and used their tails to balance their forward-tilted trunks and heads. Early pterosaurs also had long tails sand probably could have run on their hind legs, certainly handy for an animal with wings for forelimbs. These early pterosaurs y however z could have used their forelimbs for walking because their arm
and hand bones were only slightly enlarged—most of the wing was supported by the gigantic fourth finger.
【 Paragraph 3 】 Later pterosaurs are more enigmatic: their arms and especially their hands seem too long to be used comfortably for walking, but their tails were too short to counterbalance their bodies if they walked just on their hind legs. Birds also have short, stubby tail skeletons, but they manage to walk quite well on their hind legs. Birds manage this by angling the thighs forward to get their feet under the body's center of gravity. They hold their thighs at this unstable angle with extensive hip and thigh muscles Some researchers have suggested that pterosaurs, hipbones were too small to anchor extensive thigh-positioning muscles, but others have responded that pterosaurs* leg and foot bones are so strikingly birdlike that pterosaurs must surely have walked like birds. Recently, however, some pterosaur experts have concluded that a number of fossil trackways—trails of preserved footprints—were made by pterydactyloid pterosaurs, and these animals clearly walked on all four limbs. Perhaps some early pterosaurs walked on their hind legs, but according to current evidence, most species probably walked on all fours. In any case, large pterosaurs, with eight or ten-meter wingspans and weighing as much as an adult human, do not seem likely candidates for a batlike existence confined to clambering about in trees and hanging upside down from branches.
【 Paragraph 4 】 Pterosaurs also possessed some obvious adaptations for powered flight. They had large sternums (breastbones) for attaching powerful flight muscles, well-developed shoulder bones to carry the body's weight in flight, and air-filled bones to lighten the skeleton .• some even had a furcula (a fused breastbone also found in birds): perhaps to flex like a spring and help raise the wings during the upstroke. • How competent were they at flying? The original batlike reconstructions; along with their class 巾 cation as reptiles, suggested to many earlier biologists that pterosaurs were only gliders. •Biologists now, however, generally agree that pterosaurs were capable of powered, flapping flight. •Indeed , the shoulder joint is clearly specialized for the down- and-forward, up-and-back movement of normal flapping.
索取“原文+题目+答案+解析+MP3音频”,请加新航道上海老师微信(shnc_2018)
免费领取最新剑桥雅思、TPO、SAT真题、百人留学备考群,名师答疑,助教监督,分享最新资讯,领取独家资料。
方法1:扫码添加新航道老师
微信号:shnc_2018
方法2:留下表单信息,老师会及时与您联系
课程名称 | 班级人数 | 课时 | 学费 | 报名 |
---|---|---|---|---|
托福入门段(A段)6-10人走读班 | 6-10人 | 80课时 | ¥15800 | 在线咨询 |
托福强化段(C段)6-10人班 | 6-10人 | 96课时 | ¥30800 | 在线咨询 |
托福全程段(A+B+C段)6-10人班 | 6-10人 | 192课时 | ¥55800 | 在线咨询 |
托福特训班(4周,走读) | 8-10人 | 192 | ¥34800 | 在线咨询 |
托福特训班(6周,走读) | 8-10人 | 288 | ¥49800 | 在线咨询 |
课程名称 | 班级人数 | 课时 | 学费 | 报名 |
---|---|---|---|---|
托福精讲段(B段)20-30人班 | 20-30人 | 96课时 | ¥8800 | 在线咨询 |
托福强化段(C段)20-30人班 | 20-30人 | 96课时 | ¥7800 | 在线咨询 |
托福全程段(A+B+C段)20-30人班 | 20-30人 | 192课时 | ¥13800 | 在线咨询 |
课程名称 | 班级人数 | 课时 | 学费 | 报名 |
---|---|---|---|---|
托福入门段(A段)(6-10人,住宿) | 6-10人 | 80课时 | ¥17800 | 在线咨询 |
托福强化段(C段)6-10人班住宿 | 152课时 | ¥33800 | 在线咨询 | |
托福全程班(A+B+C段)6-10人班住宿 | 6-10人 | 304课时 | ¥60800 | 在线咨询 |
托福长线班(6-10人,住宿) | 6-10人 | 272课时 | ¥77800 | 在线咨询 |
托福词汇语法住宿班(A段)(6-10人) | 6-10人 | 48课时 | ¥8800 | 在线咨询 |
课程名称 | 班级人数 | 课时 | 学费 | 报名 |
---|---|---|---|---|
托福全程段(A+B+C段)20-30人班住宿 | 20-30人 | 192课时 | ¥15800 | 在线咨询 |
托福强化段(C段)20-30人班住宿 | 20-30人 | 96课时 | ¥8800 | 在线咨询 |
托福精讲段(B段)20-30人班住宿 | 20-30人 | 96课时 | ¥9800 | 在线咨询 |
课程名称 | 班级人数 | 课时 | 学费 | 报名 |
---|---|---|---|---|
托福一对一 | 1 | 按需定制 | ¥980元 | 在线咨询 |
托福免费试听课 | ¥0元 | 在线咨询 |
课程名称 | 班级人数 | 课时 | 学费 | 报名 |
---|---|---|---|---|
小托福课程 | 6人 | 54小时 | ¥20800 | 在线咨询 |
小托福考试技巧进阶课程 | 30 | ¥9800 | 在线咨询 |
免责声明
1、如转载本网原创文章,请表明出处;
2、本网转载媒体稿件旨在传播更多有益信息,并不代表同意该观点,本网不承担稿件侵权行为的连带责任;
3、如本网转载稿、资料分享涉及版权等问题,请作者见稿后速与新航道联系(电话:021-64380066),我们会第一时间删除。
地址:徐汇区文定路209号宝地文定商务中心1楼
乘车路线:地铁1/4号线上海体育馆、3/9号线宜山路站、11号线上海游泳馆站
总部地址:北京市海淀区中关村大街28-1号6层601 集团客服电话:400-097-9266 总部:北京新航道教育文化发展有限责任公司
Copyright © www.xhd.cn All Rights Reserved 京ICP备05069206