摘要:托福TPO试题基本所有参加托福考生必做试题,为更好服务于广大考生,上海新航道小编会及时的更新托福TPO试题信息,包括TPO试题、答案及解析等内容。在下文中小编整理了托福TPO60阅读Passage 1完整原文完整,希望对大家有所帮助,如在学习过程中有问题,可以加新航道上海学校专业老师微信(微信号shnc_2018)进行咨询。
托福TPO试题基本所有参加托福考生必做试题,在下文中上海新航道托福培训小编整理了托福TPO60阅读Passage 1完整原文,希望对大家有所帮助!
托福TPO60阅读Passage 1
Underground Life
Until about the late 1980s, most scientists believed that life was restricted to the top few meters of the soil or ocean sediments. The few reports of organisms being recovered from great depths within Earth were dismissed as contamination with material from the surface layers. Two technical developments changed this view. The first was the development of drilling techniques that gave confidence that samples could be retrieved from depth without contamination. Samples were recovered using a diamond-studded drill bit that headed a great length of rotating steel pipe from a drilling derrick. A concentrated tracer material was added to the lubricating fluid so that when a deep sample of rock was removed, any contaminated material could be identified and cut away to leave a pristine sample of rock from deep within Earth. The second development was the advent of techniques for identifying microorganisms without having to grow them in culture. All organisms contain DNA, and their presence can be revealed by dyes that either stain DNA directly or can be attached to nucleic acid probes. By varying the nucleic acid probe, scientists can demonstrate the presence of different types of microorganisms.
The first scientists to use these techniques were involved in the Subsurface Science Program of the United States Department of Energy (DOE). They were interested in the possibility that if organisms existed in the depths of Earth, they might degrade organic pollutants and help maintain the purity of groundwater or, rather less usefully, degrade the containers in which the DOE was proposing to deposit the radioactive waste from nuclear facilities. They demonstrated the presence of many different types of microorganisms in rocks at depths down to 500 meters beneath the surface. Since then, microbes have been discovered in many different types of rocks and deep within ocean sediments. The record depth at which life has been found is at the bottom of a South African gold mine, 3.5 kilometers below ground Pressure and temperatures as high as 150°C. This would allow organisms to exist to depths of about 7 kilometers beneath the seafloor and to 4 kilometers below the surface of the land. Although the organisms are often sparsely distributed, this is such an enormous volume that it has been estimated that the total biomass of deep subsurface organisms exceeds that of those living on, or just below, the surface.
Bacteria are the most numerous of these subsurface organisms, but there are also fungi and protozoa. Some 10,000 strains of microorganism have been isolated from subsurface cores. Each gram of rock contains anything from 100 bacteria to 10 million bacteria (compared with more than 1 billion per gram in agricultural soils); ocean sediments contain even higher numbers. The protozoa feed on the bacteria, forming part of a simple subterranean food chain, but what do the bacteria feed on? Sedimentary rocks are formed from sands and from ocean, river, or lake sediments that have organic material trapped within them. Microbes living in pores within the sediments can utilize these ancient nutrients and minerals. The distribution of microorganisms is thus likely to become more patchy, condensed into the remaining pores and concentrations of nutrients The bulk of Earth' s crust, however, consists of igneous rocks, such as granite and basalt, which are solidified from molten magma. These rocks were too hot to support life when they were first formed; the organisms that inhabit cracks and fissures within the rocks are carried there by the groundwater flowing through them. Subsurface bacteria do not just rely on nutrients trapped within the rock or carried there by groundwater. Some are chemotrophs, deriving their energy from the oxidation of iron or sulfur compounds and building organic material directly from the carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas dissolved in the rock. These bacteria excrete organic compounds that are then utilized by other types of bacteria These ecosystems based on chemotrophic bacteria are completely independent of material and solar energy from the surface
索取“原文+题目+答案+解析+MP3音频”,请加新航道上海老师微信(shnc_2018)
免费领取最新剑桥雅思、TPO、SAT真题、百人留学备考群,名师答疑,助教监督,分享最新资讯,领取独家资料。
方法1:扫码添加新航道老师
微信号:shnc_2018
方法2:留下表单信息,老师会及时与您联系
课程名称 | 班级人数 | 课时 | 学费 | 报名 |
---|---|---|---|---|
托福入门段(A段)6-10人走读班 | 6-10人 | 80课时 | ¥15800 | 在线咨询 |
托福强化段(C段)6-10人班 | 6-10人 | 96课时 | ¥30800 | 在线咨询 |
托福全程段(A+B+C段)6-10人班 | 6-10人 | 192课时 | ¥55800 | 在线咨询 |
托福特训班(4周,走读) | 8-10人 | 192 | ¥34800 | 在线咨询 |
托福特训班(6周,走读) | 8-10人 | 288 | ¥49800 | 在线咨询 |
课程名称 | 班级人数 | 课时 | 学费 | 报名 |
---|---|---|---|---|
托福精讲段(B段)20-30人班 | 20-30人 | 96课时 | ¥8800 | 在线咨询 |
托福强化段(C段)20-30人班 | 20-30人 | 96课时 | ¥7800 | 在线咨询 |
托福全程段(A+B+C段)20-30人班 | 20-30人 | 192课时 | ¥13800 | 在线咨询 |
课程名称 | 班级人数 | 课时 | 学费 | 报名 |
---|---|---|---|---|
托福入门段(A段)(6-10人,住宿) | 6-10人 | 80课时 | ¥17800 | 在线咨询 |
托福强化段(C段)6-10人班住宿 | 152课时 | ¥33800 | 在线咨询 | |
托福全程班(A+B+C段)6-10人班住宿 | 6-10人 | 304课时 | ¥60800 | 在线咨询 |
托福长线班(6-10人,住宿) | 6-10人 | 272课时 | ¥77800 | 在线咨询 |
托福词汇语法住宿班(A段)(6-10人) | 6-10人 | 48课时 | ¥8800 | 在线咨询 |
课程名称 | 班级人数 | 课时 | 学费 | 报名 |
---|---|---|---|---|
托福全程段(A+B+C段)20-30人班住宿 | 20-30人 | 192课时 | ¥15800 | 在线咨询 |
托福强化段(C段)20-30人班住宿 | 20-30人 | 96课时 | ¥8800 | 在线咨询 |
托福精讲段(B段)20-30人班住宿 | 20-30人 | 96课时 | ¥9800 | 在线咨询 |
课程名称 | 班级人数 | 课时 | 学费 | 报名 |
---|---|---|---|---|
托福一对一 | 1 | 按需定制 | ¥980元 | 在线咨询 |
托福免费试听课 | ¥0元 | 在线咨询 |
课程名称 | 班级人数 | 课时 | 学费 | 报名 |
---|---|---|---|---|
小托福课程 | 6人 | 54小时 | ¥20800 | 在线咨询 |
小托福考试技巧进阶课程 | 30 | ¥9800 | 在线咨询 |
免责声明
1、如转载本网原创文章,请表明出处;
2、本网转载媒体稿件旨在传播更多有益信息,并不代表同意该观点,本网不承担稿件侵权行为的连带责任;
3、如本网转载稿、资料分享涉及版权等问题,请作者见稿后速与新航道联系(电话:021-64380066),我们会第一时间删除。
地址:徐汇区文定路209号宝地文定商务中心1楼
乘车路线:地铁1/4号线上海体育馆、3/9号线宜山路站、11号线上海游泳馆站
总部地址:北京市海淀区中关村大街28-1号6层601 集团客服电话:400-097-9266 总部:北京新航道教育文化发展有限责任公司
Copyright © www.xhd.cn All Rights Reserved 京ICP备05069206