2013年6月8日托福机经回忆及解析

2013年6月8日托福考试尘埃落定，新航道“托福团队团”教研组，时间为您回忆及解析本场考试托福机经，帮助托友们知己知彼。

(Listening)

Section 1

【主旨】学生疑问

【内容】学生Paul跑去见女老师，首先道歉，由于traffic所以来迟了,幸运的是这位女老师还在。

女老师表示通常她已经离开了，但是与这个学生有约所以来了，但是今天由于traffic的原因也来晚了(这里有考题：为什么教授也提到了traffic，答案：express empathy)。

女老师叫这个学生坐到电脑边去，学生表示很疑惑，问：难道有a lot of work?女老师说，是的。学生问：难道预约一个"活动产所"有很多工作吗?女老师开始疑惑：你是Paul，对吧?学生说他是。女老师说：你是我们新雇佣的employee对吧?学生说：不是。然后给出名字全称，老师才知道，原来两个学生first name相同而last name不同(这里有考题：细节题：问为什么女老师会把两个学生搞混淆?)。并且说，她在等另一个Paul，看来他已经很迟了，he is supposed to come here right now to receive an orientation from her, as a new hired employee。

学生说，他这次来是为了即将到来的French club event预约一个场所。去年他们在一个美丽的河边举行，风景优美，大家享受室外，问今年可不可以预约同样的地方，时间是下周五下午三点。女老师查了电脑说，不行，因为那个地点下周那个时间被占用了(not available)。但是她建议可以预约离河边很近的地方，同样可以看到河边的风景(这里有考题：问女老师建议预约室内的原因：1，离河边近;2，可以看到河边的风景)。学生表示同意，问预约有什么步骤。

女老师给了他几分表格，说这周末之前让他们系主任签好字，学生自己签好字然后交过来，并且提醒学生要填写这次用的cater的信息，学生说去年他们用的cater很好，所以今年继续用他，因此这一项完成比较容易，他会在明天把所有的表格交回来。

Section 2

【主旨】地质学

【内容】文章名义上是地质学讲座，实际上复合了天文学撞击坑以及月球和流星和彗星给地球带来不同影响的内容。地球有独特的地貌，其中坑最常见,科学家们给出了两个crater形成的原因：一个是陨星撞击，一个是火山喷发。

个例子：教授拿地球上的坑与月球上的坑作对比，说明两个星球上都有很多坑。

第二个例子：在南美有一个地方的坑为例，坑中有很多玻璃(glass)。

在坑中发现一些"金属原属"在地球上不存在，在太空中的陨星中存在，所以最终的结论是地球上的坑是陨星撞击造成的。

Section 3

【主旨】商业讲座

【内容】教授告诉大家要学会如何creative，男生跟教授互动表示他每次写论文就一点思路没有，卡在那几个小时啥都写不出。然后教授提出一个方法(有小黑板)，大意是一个大问题拆开一小块一小块看，做了个类比，在沙滩上找丢了的东西，不能挖一个大坑来找，而应该挖很多小坑，就好像思路发散了一样。然后又提到了电影院怎么发散思路吸引观众，比如可以门票买九赠一，网上订购之类的，还可以准备好的特价食物，还可以开场前降低票价，小吃送到作为等等。

然后教授又提到另一种方法，先要考试brainstorm，有学生提出不如在等电影放映是加点垫场表演之类的，然后自己又说怕观众烦，觉得太拥挤影响观看。老师说有的时候就是要有天马行空的想法，还举例比如电影院坐不满的时候可以直接到马路上拽几个人来看，不要被思路局限，不切实际的想法都可以用上，大家就大胆想象吧!

Section 4

【主旨】讨论教育

【内容】男学生找女教授，女教授夸赞男学生课上写东西写得好，以为他是英语专业的学生，结果男生是教育专业的想当老师(这里有考题)。然后才聊到对话发生的真实原因，讨论教育理念，教授举了个black mountain大学的例子，此学校很有特点。是员工持股共同拥有学校，第二是老师学说有很多合作的机会，一起上课活动什么的。这个学校是实验性质的(这里有考题：教授对这种学校的态度)。学生还问老师自己主要研究小学中学教育，老师举的大学的例子会不会不妥，老师说不会。

Section 5

【主旨】考古学

【内容】作为考古学的学生，可以看到很多stone tool，但是很少看到wooden tool and mental tool，这是因为stone tool不容易被腐蚀，而wooden tool 和mental tool不易保存，现代都看不到。根据现存的stone tool 的edge，我们可以确定这项石器的功能(这里有考题：细节题：根据石器边缘，我们能够知道什么?)

文物一般不会保存在水中，因为水会侵蚀文物的质地。但是教授给出了一个特例，是英国的red rose ship沉船后被埋藏在海底。这个ship中的wooden tool反倒是不能拿出水面，因为与空气接触会侵蚀wooden的表面，于是科学家发明一种方法将wooden tool放在特质的chemical solution中，将wooden中的金属置换出来，然后再拿出水面研究。

通常而言，文物保存在干燥的沙漠地带更能长久，教授给出一个impressive的例子，在埃及的金字塔里面居然还能保存花朵(这里有考题)。文物保存在干燥的地下是因为文物一旦出地面，就会与水，氧气，细菌接触，受到侵蚀，无法长久。

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Section 6

【主旨】蚂蚁和树的共生关系

【内容】很奇怪的是在这种树(D.hirsuta)生长的地方，其他树都不能生长，这种现象在其它地方都没发生，所以有一定原因。教授在黑板上给出了这个蚂蚁和树的名称。只有这种树生长的原因是：这种蚂蚁攻击其他与这种树竞争的树种，使这种树有很多的阳光雨露，而其他树种不能靠近。

教授举了另一个共生关系的例子：leaves-cut-ant和fungus

说有leaves-cut-ant就有fungus，二者是共生关系。而蚂蚁离不开这种细菌，因为这种细菌先分解了树叶中的某些成分，使得蚂蚁能够消化这些成分，没有经过细菌分解的树叶，蚂蚁是不能直接食用的。这种细菌对于leave-cut-ant是如此重要，以至于当ant queen搬家的时候要一起带上这种fungus.

教授回到讲解蚂蚁与树。说蚂蚁并不是消灭所有在这种树周围的树种。蚂蚁总能够维持到一种平衡，不会全部灭绝其他树种，让其他树种有恢复的能力，但是有不对这种树构成竞争

加试题:

经典加试

(Speaking)

Task 1

你的一个朋友要开一个餐馆, 请你对餐馆的位置和要卖的东西提建议。(location and food)。

Task 2

同意不同意：一个十六岁的人可以开车

Task 3

【讲座主题】一位大学学生写信给校长要求将Physical course改为必修课而不是现在的选修课

【原 因】(1)gym里基本上都是空的，没有学生进去锻炼，由此可见学生没有得到必要的体育锻炼，体育必修课可以强制学生获得锻炼和健身;(2)physical course require可以使学生接触到以前从来没有接触的sport，对新的体育项目发生兴趣

【学生态度】不同意

【反对原因】(1)健身房里面的情况说明不了学生运动的状况,外面的情况不可忽视。有的学生play tennis outside the gym,有的学生ride bike from off-campus to campus，这些都是运动;(2)体育必修课不能使学生explore new interests。如果体育课改为必修，学生会choose the sport they have already known or they are good at,因为学生倾向于play safe。

Task 4

【讲座主题】Peak-End rule

【内容讲解】人们倾向于记住记忆中vivid memory, 这个记忆部分定义为Peak Part, 同时遗忘less vivid memory,这个部分记忆定义为End Part。

【1个例子】男教授给出去tropical island度假的例子。分位四个部分：最初两天天气阴沉，老是下雨,于是教授待在酒店房间reading and watching TV;接着两天，天气大好，阳光明媚,教授参加了一个well-scheduled trip, board a ship and go to ocean，看见whale jumping out of water,而且景色优美，同行人包括教授都心情大好，觉得这是exciting moment;

接下来几天天气晴朗，但是教授只是lie on the beach and reading;

快要离开的时候，酒店会为离开的人都举办departure party,在派对上教授认识some man come from hometown,发现他们有a lot of commons，并且decided to meet again in the future。

教授从假期回来以后，当同事们问他假期体验，他只记得"乘船出海看鲸"和"在送别派对上认识老乡"的事情。

【问 题】用教授的vocation experience解释Peak-End Rule

Task 5

【一个问题】女生next week要带领a class of children参观City Science Museum,但是"城市科学博物馆"的tour guide由于生病无法同去，其他的导游也没有时间。

【解决方案】男生提出两个解决方案：(1)女生being tour guide by herself,毕竟all the descriptions are available，但是女生提出她的确可以自己当导游，但是她无法像专业导游一样提供a lot of information; (2)reschedule the activity，这样可以拥有专业导游，但是有很多其他工作要做，比如要ask permission of the university again和rearrange transportation。女生表示再想一想。

【问 题】女生遇到什么困难，有哪两种解决方案，你认为哪种好?

Task 6

【讲座主题】保护适应的发展(Protective adaptation)

【2种方式】(1)构造适应：动物生长出new body part来保护自己。例子： bullhead shark的头部比较柔软，容易受到更大鲨鱼的攻击，于是bullhead shark在头部长出长而尖的spike，当更大鲨鱼靠近时，虎鲨可用spike挡开attackers;(2)行为适应:另外一些动物不能长出新的身体结构来保护自己，所以运用behavior来保护自己。例子： possum通过pretend to be dead来避开敌人，当attackers靠近时， possum将通过heart beat slowly、stop moving、lie still装死，所以他们的天敌fox靠近时以为他们死了，然后离开。

【问 题】运用Bullhead Shark和Possum的例子explain教授讲的两种适应性。

(Reading)

Passage 1 (重复NA20110805)

【主旨】Cell-theory

【内容】段：科学家Robert Hooke在1665年运用"单片镜"看到细胞的轮廓，Hooke用"单片镜"观察细胞轮廓比当时的"双片镜"更有优势(这里有考题：细节题，为什么用"单片镜"观察)。Hooke的历史地位在于他是看到"细胞"的人，并给这种结构命名为"cell",现在一直沿用，但是缺陷在于看到的只是"死细胞"--细胞死后的细胞壁留下的轮廓。

第二段：Anton van Leeuwenhoek次看到了活细胞，是从他的牙龈上刮下来细菌(bacteria)。但是他没有挑战错误的"传统理论"：生命从"无生命形式"发展而来(cell evolves from nonliving form and nothingness)。同样错误的理论是：完整的细胞可由Nucleus (细胞核)生长出membrane(细胞膜)和细胞壁。细胞难以被观察到有两大原因：1，技术不够成熟(technology);2. 错误理论的根深蒂固。

第三段：Theodor Schwann和Matthias Jakob Schleiden进一步观察细胞。他们共同观察了"动物"和"植物"的细胞，并得出细胞是""The cell is the fundamental element of organization，unit of structure and function"。Schleiden在显微镜(microscope)下观察到兰花植物(orchid plant)细胞,并在显微镜下也观察到其他动物细胞。两位科学家的共同结论是：细胞(cell)可以单独存在(existed),但是在更大的器官中(larger organisms)是living organism的一部分(这里有考题：这句话是"重述题")。他们共同确定了细胞理论。

第四段：英国科学家Robert Brown 完善了细胞理论，并成为细胞理论的先驱者。他的瞻前发现是：很多疾病(diseases)是从一个变异细胞(abnormal cell)演变而来，这在当时并没有被接纳，但是现代理论证明这是正确的。

参考文章：The cell was first seen by Robert Hooke in 1665. He examined (under a coarse, compound microscope) very thin slices of cork and saw a multitude of tiny pores that he remarked looked like the walled compartments a monk would live in. Because of this association, Hooke called them cells, the name they still bear. However, Hooke did not know their real structure or function. Hooke's description of these cells (which were actually non-living cell walls) was published in Micrographia. His cell observations gave no indication of the nucleus and other organelles found in most living cells.

The first person to make a compound microscope was Zacharias Jansen, while the first to witness a live cell under a microscope was Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who in 1674 described the algae Spirogyra and named the moving organisms animalcules, meaning "little animals". Leeuwenhoek probably also saw bacteria. Cell theory was in contrast to the vitalism theories proposed before the discovery of cells.

The idea that cells were separable into individual units was proposed by Ludolph Christian Treviranus and Johann Jacob Paul Moldenhawer. All of this finally led to Henri Dutrochet formulating one of the fundamental tenets of modern cell theory by declaring that "The cell is the fundamental element of organization".

The observations of Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow, and others led to the development of the cell theory. The cell theory is a widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things. The cell theory states:

All living things or organisms are made of cells and their products.

New cells are created by old cells dividing into two.

Cells are the basic building units of life.

The cell theory holds true for all living things, no matter how big or small. Since according to research, cells are common to all living things, they can provide information about all life. And because all cells come from other cells, scientists can study cells to learn about growth, reproduction, and all other functions that living things perform. By learning about cells and how they function, you can learn about all types of living things. Cells are the building blocks of life

Credit for developing cell theory is usually given to three scientists: Theodor Schwann, Matthias Jakob Schleiden, and Rudolf Virchow. In 1839, Schwann and Schleiden suggested that cells were the basic unit of life. Their theory accepted the first two tenets of modern cell theory (see next section, below). However, the cell theory of Schleiden differed from modern cell theory in that it proposed a method of spontaneous crystallization that he called "free cell formation". In 1855, Rudolf Virchow concluded that all cells come from pre-existing cells, thus completing the classical cell theory. (Note that the idea that all cells come from pre-existing cells had in fact already been proposed by Robert Remak; it has been suggested that Virchow plagiarised Remak.)

Passage 2 (重复NA20111105)

【主旨】Wild Crops Domestication in Southwest Asia

【内容】描述了西南亚野生作物驯化(domestication)的艰难。

段：理解西南亚农业文化的发展，不可避免的要理解小麦(wheat)、大麦(Barley)的domestication过程。最早进行驯养化的野生作物是legume(这里有考题："推理题"：选项为豆荚legume不是理解西南亚农业文化必不可少野生作物作物--小麦、大麦才是)。 在西南亚驯养化过程中，pig的地位比cattle、sheep重要。

第二段：野生作物的驯养化艰难。早期农民发现，只有在很多条件共同满足下才能得到饱满的稻穗：如sunlight, water and soil。所以如果野生作物不能发展出适应恶劣环境或者各种环境的特征，农民只能在稻田里收割到很少的作物，并且scattered in the tract。

第三段：稻穗中有一个重要的结构是连接茎秆和穗头的部分的"柄"。通常野生作物的"柄"非常脆弱，风一吹或者动物一碰，穗头就会掉落，这给早期农民收割稻穗带来很大的麻烦。因为不能用sickle收割(镰刀太硬，碰落稻穗)。但是如果不用镰刀，收割作物是很困难的(这里有考题：插入提， 插入句中有sickle这个单词，只有前面这一句提到了sickle)。

第四段：另一个驯养化困难是：野生作物有坚硬的husk，以保护kernel不受frost and wind的侵袭。而人类的消化系统难以消化如此坚硬的外壳。还有一个困难是，野生作物的一株作物的麦穗只有两根，产量很低，现代驯养化一株作物的麦穗有六根，所以野生作物需要发展出多麦穗的特征。

第五段：野生作物只有发展出以上所说的所有驯养化特征，才值得农民大面积"劳动密集型"耕作。(这里有考题：重述题)。

参考文章：Plant Domestication

The earliest human attempts at plant domestication occurred in South-Western Asia. There is early evidence for conscious cultivation and trait selection of plants by pre-Neolithic groups in Syria: grains of rye with domestic traits have been recovered from Epi-Palaeolithic (c. 11,050 BC) contexts at Abu Hureyra in Syria, but this appears to be a localised phenomenon resulting from cultivation of stands of wild rye, rather than a definitive step towards domestication.

By 10,000 BC the bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) plant, used as a container before the advent of ceramic technology, appears to have been domesticated. The domesticated bottle gourd reached the Americas from Asia by 8000 BC, most likely due to the migration of peoples from Asia to America.

History of Wheat

History

Wheat likely originated in the so-called Fertile Crescent of the Middle East, land which extended from Israel along the Mediterranean Sea north to southern Turkey and east to Iraq and the Persian Gulf. It was also probably native to southwestern Asia. Some of the earliest specimens have been discovered in Jordan, Syria, and Turkey. Early types of wheat have been excavated in Iraq, dating to over 11,000 B.C. Archaeological research indicates that wheat was being farmed in Egypt's Nile Valley since before 5,000 B.C., and also in China and India. Sumerians (in what is now southeastern Iraq) around 3100 B.C. wrote about both bread and beer made from wheat.

Geography

Archaeologists have determined that agriculture began there in the Fertile Crescent region, when people began growing wheat and other crops rather than foraging for them. Other ancient cultivated crops include barley, grapes, dates, and nuts. People in this region also were the first to herd goats, pigs, and sheep. It took only a few centuries for people to do away with hunting and gathering as their main source of food, after many thousands of years obtaining food that way.

The first cultivated crop in the Americas was maize in Mexico, which was not purposely planted in large amounts until around 4,000 B.C..

Significance

Wheat is very significant in history because it is one of the crops which transformed hunter-gatherers into farmers. People had long gathered wheat where it grew wild, but with agriculture, a more dependable food supply was created. This in turn made life easier with more free time, and people were able to turn more attention to other pursuits such as creating textiles and pottery, and doing woodworking and making tools.

Agriculture, along with herding of animals, allowed for the growth of large permanent communities, as well as a privileged elite class in cities. It also resulted in battles for productive areas, evidenced early in the Bible after Moses led the Israelites to the promised land, where they then had to fight to get it away from the people already living there.

Egypt was the largest producer of wheat in ancient times, with enormous harvests unequaled even today. It became the basis of the nation's economy. Egyptians first created raised yeast breads as a contrast to the unleavened bread which had been the only type available before.

The objectives of wheat domestication

-To produce 'non-shattering' varieties that have seeds that are not lost by breaking off the plant before harvest. Wild grasses are adapted to dispersing their seeds by releasing them once ripe but grasses under cultivation, such as wheat, need to have seeds that are retained and only break off during the threshing process. Selection of non-shattering varieties would have occurred quickly once cultivation started, as it was only these plants that would have been successfully harvested.

-To produce large, plump seeds.

-To produce more seeds per plant by increasing the number of fertile flowers (termed florets in grasses).

-To produce 'free-threshing' or 'naked' varieties where the husk round the seed comes off during threshing. All's that needs to be done after threshing is for the grain to be winnowed so that the empty husks (i.e. chaff) are blown away from the seeds. Wild varieties of wheat are hulled - i.e. the seeds are covered by a tough husk that stays round the seed once it has been threshed. To get this husk off the seed, it has to be pounded in some way which is more laborious than winnowing the husks away and means the grain is broken and less suitable for storing.

-To produce seeds that germinate together. Wild forms are adapted to delay germination until there are suitable conditions and to vary the timing of germination so that seeds do not grow up and die altogether during a season of erratic and poor rainfall.

Passage 3 (重复NA20111119)

【主旨】Red-billed Quelea

【内容】讲述红嘴奎利亚雀适应(adaptation)生存环境的艰难过程。

段：除了鸟类学家(ornithologist)和当地人(people see the birds in the native habitat)看得到红嘴奎利亚雀，世界上其他人很少听到"红嘴奎利亚雀"的名字，但是根据它的实际存在数量(several billions)可以得知"红嘴奎利亚雀"是the most common bird in the world。

第二段：红嘴奎利亚雀身体小巧，要适应多变的生存环境非常艰难，但是它却发展出很多特征。红嘴奎利亚雀以食青草(annul green grass)为生。实际上，她是以食用青草的种子为生(这里有考题：插入题)。但是"草种"随着季节的变化有多有少，所以以食用草种为生的动物必须衍生出特殊的习性。举例：啮齿类动物(rodent)在冬天储存食物就是适应寒冬食物短缺的困难("修辞目的题"：作者为什么提到啮齿类动物?)。红嘴奎利亚雀没有这样的特性，但是有自己的特征，分两方面：(1)the end of dry season，红嘴奎利亚雀会吃很多食物gain weight，以便抵御食物短缺;(2)干旱季节过后紧接着是the early of the rain season，这个时候红嘴奎利亚雀不能吃草种，因为草种都在发芽,发芽的草种是不能吃的，所以红嘴奎利亚雀会飞往其他可食用的田地。这个食物短缺的过程将持续6-8 weeks(这里有考题：推理题：从文中6-8周我们可以推理出什么?答案：青草利用者6-8周发芽长出青草和新的种子)。

第三段：所以红嘴奎利亚雀的生活基本上就是从"食物短缺"的habitat不断寻找suitable和有食物的田地的过程。但是6-8周后，红嘴奎利亚雀会回到当初雨季早期青草发芽的地方，因为此时青草肥美，草种丰盛，于是所有的红嘴奎利亚雀开始了"繁殖周期"(breeding cycle)，这个周期很短，因为气候多变，但是规模宏大，令人惊叹。有时在同一天同一个区域能看到millions of Red-billed Quelea hatch in millions of nest，蔚为壮观。更壮观的是，当小鸟破壳而出时，所有的蛋壳一起掉落像"下雪"一样(原句：the fall of the eggshell and the subsequent dropping of the shell are likened to be snow fall)。而且红嘴奎利亚雀的繁殖周期可以"同步"(synchronize)。如果前面的雨季还没有结束，那么所有鸟的"繁殖周期"就同时缩短，短的可达几天。

第四段：红嘴奎利亚雀被认为是农作物的"害鸟"。因为红嘴奎利亚雀连艰难的生存环境和难吃的野生作物都能适应，那么农民大面积种植粮食作物就成了他们很好的食物。又由于数量众多，红嘴奎利亚雀在世界范围内被认为是的"害鸟。"

参考文章：Red-billed Quelea

The Red-billed Quelea (Quelea quelea) is the world's most abundant wild bird species, with an estimated adult breeding population of 1.5 billion pairs. Some estimates of the overall population have been as large as 10 billion. The entire population is found in sub-Saharan Africa and is generally absent from deeply forested regions and the southern reaches of South Africa. It is a small passerine bird of the weaver family Ploceidae.

Habits

Red-billed Quelea live and breed in huge flocks which can take up to 5 hours to fly past. They live mostly in steppe and savanna regions, but do not avoid human settlements. While foraging for food they may fly large distances each day without tiring. Their life expectancy is two to three years.

Reproduction

Breeding is localized and erratic but often colonies include tens of thousands to millions of pairs. The breeding season begins with the seasonal rains, which come at different times in different parts of their range - starting at the north-western edge around the beginning of November. The breeding males first weave half-complete ovoid nests from grass and straw. After the female has examined the construction and the mating has occurred, both partners complete the weaving of the nest. The female lays two to four light blue eggs, and incubates them for twelve days. After the chicks hatch, they are nourished for some days with caterpillars and protein-rich insects. After this time parents change to feeding the nestlings mainly seeds. The young birds fledge and become independent enough to leave their parents after approximately two weeks in the nest. They are sexually mature after just one year, but many birds die before reaching this stage and males may weave nests that go unused if the female dies.

Food

The food of the Red-billed Quelea consists of annual grasses, seeds and grain. As soon as the sun comes up, they come together in their huge flocks and co-operate in finding a suitable feeding place. After a successful search, they settle rapidly and can cause serious damage to crops. In the middle part of the day they rest in shady areas near water and preen. Birds seem to prefer drinking at least twice a day. In the evening they once again fly in search of food.

Enemies and population control

Being such a considerable part of the savanna biomass, Red-billed Quelea flocks and colonies attract huge numbers and diverse types of predators and scavengers. Birds known to live extensively off queleas include herons, storks, raptors, owls, hornbills, rollers, kingfishers, shrikes and corvids. Additionally, snakes, lizards and several types of mammals, especially rodents and small carnivores, are regular predators.

They are regarded as pests by farmers because they can eliminate fields in a short period of time. Due to the numbers and localized decimation of cereal crops, control actions have been undertaken. As many as 150-180 million birds have been killed but this appeared to have no effect on the overall quelea population and only temporary relief from crop damage. Unfortunately, many non-target birds appeared to have also been killed in these control operations and may have had severe population deprivations as a result

词汇题：

暂无

(Writing)

Task 1

综合写作

【主题】基础设施私有化Infrastructure Privatization

Reading：　Government应该把infrastructure出租给Private Company。infrastructure包括water system, railway等等。理由有三：(1)政府可以从私有公司collect money，这是一笔很大的财政收入，through toll fee。举例：芝加哥市政府将Chicago skyway出租给Private Company 99年，于是可以收钱99年。这么大笔财政收入用途广泛，可以from balancing budget to assist public schools);(2)私有公司提供更好的维护，政府倾向于不断建造新的基础设施，而不维护旧的基础设施，这就可以看到很多城市的基础设施维护不完善。而私有公司在这个行业里面，因此更专业，能提供更好的维护;(3)私有公司带来new technology。因为私有公司自己收钱，所以更有动力去更新技术，investment开发技术。

Listening：(1)政府会lose money in a long term。虽然政府在短期看似可以收到钱，但是长期将无法获利，反驳Chicago Skyway的例子: 政府将Chicago Skyway的经营权出让给私有公司99年，可是同时也将"收钱的权利"出让给了私有公司(also lease out the right to collect money)99年。私有公司收到的钱很有可能最终超过"建设费用"，而这笔钱还不如让政府修建更多的新公路(build new roads);(2)私有公司不会提供维护，私有公司只会关注short term profit),只顾着收钱，不会去维修基础设施。举例：南美一座城市的政府将water system出租给private company，结果私有公司只顾着收钱，根本不维修，使得供水系统条件in a bad condition，最后政府不得不收回供水系统自己维修;(3)私有公司不会引进新技术，通常一座城市只有一种基础设施，比如一个城市only one water system或者一套subway system,消费者没有选择。因此如果基础设施私有化，私人公司no competition around。这使他们能够维持垄断地位，从而没有动力去引进新技术。

Task 2(重复NA20081031)

独立写作

Do you agree or disagree with the statement? It is more fun to see a movie in a cinema (theater) with other people than see a movie at home

参考文章：Technology has made home theaters commonplace in today's society. Whereas before you needed to go to a movie theater to get a fully immersive cinematic experience, nowadays you can enjoy many of the benefits of a full-fledged theater from the comfort of your own living room. Despite this, however, I would still prefer to see a movie with other people in a cinema.

Firstly, going to a theater to watch movie turns the experience into more of an event. There's a ritual involved-you have to get ready, meet your friends, buy your tickets, pick up some snacks, find your seat, and watch a few trailers before the movie starts. Popping on a movie at home is convenient, but that convenience and lack of ritual makes the movie-watching experience feel like less of an activity and more like a routine way of killing time. I relish the ritual aspects of going to theater almost as much as I enjoy watching the actual movie.

Secondly, by going to a theater, you get to share the movie-watching experience with strangers. This makes watching movies more of a social activity and much more pleasurable. For example, when The Dark Knight came out, I first watched the movie at home with a friend. It was fun, but it was also totally different from the experience I had watching the movie again in a theater. At home, it was just me and my friend reacting to things happening on the screen. Our reactions were predictable, and while we did joke around during the movie, there was nothing too memorable outside of the movie itself. In the theater, though, people were randomly throwing out Batman jokes and wildly cheering during epic scenes. I could tell that these people were big Batman fans, and their passion for the source material made watching the movie much more gratifying.

Finally, watching a movie in a theater is more immersive because of the hardware a theater utilizes. While you approximate the theater experience with a good home entertainment setup, it's difficult to get that feeling full immersion without spending an exorbitant amount of money. To get cinema-level image quality you need a huge TV screen or a really good projector, and in order to mimic the audio of a theater you need a relatively pricy surround sound system. Most people just don't have the resources to put that kind of thing together. Going to a theater allows you to feel your seat shake with every explosion and your body swell with every orchestral arrangement.

All in all, watching movies at home just isn't as fun as watching movies in cinemas. It feels like less of an event, and while you could replicate the sensory experience if you had enough money, in the end you would still be missing the crucial social component that makes theaters so great. For those reasons, I think putting on a movie at home could never replace a trip to the cinema. (519, Richard)

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