新航道2018年7月1日托福考试机经完整版

每场托福考试结束后，时间推送本场考试的考题回忆和详细解析。带你了解的考题详情，帮助小伙伴们更好的备战托福，祝宝宝们早日和托福分手!!

考试回忆在此，

看看都考了些什么吧!

Reading

Passage 1

TopicDinosaurs and Parental Care

Content Review

仅从化石证据来看，恐龙是否关心自己的后代这一问题很难回答。因为行为没有保存在化石记录中，我们只能通过间接证据来推断。孵化方式分两种：prehatching和posthatching我发现了大量的恐龙巢穴。大部分可能属于鸭嘴龙。在这些巢穴中保存的是恐龙幼仔的骨头Egg Mountain和世界上其他地方的发现表明恐龙是在巢穴中产卵的。

Egg Mountain的巢穴之间的间隔是相等的，以便能够在拥挤的筑巢群体中进行孵化。证明了至少这些恐龙孵化了它们的巢穴。

关于父母照料的证据更有争议。在蛋山有许多小恐龙骨头都与下颚和牙齿有关，牙齿有磨损的迹象。所以这些食物可能是由觅食的成年人带来的，但这种解释是错误的。目前很难有古生物学的发现能够解决这一争论。

恐龙有parental care system的最强有力证据是基于恐龙及其近亲之间的关系。举了鸵鸟，鳄鱼等例子。

原文： From fossil evidence alone the question of whether or not dinosaurs cared for their young is very difficult to answer. Because behaviors are not preserved in the fossil record, we can only make inferences from indirect evidence. Parental care can be divided into two types of behavior: prehatching (building nests and incubating eggs—for example, sitting on top of them so as to warm the eggs and encourage hatching) and posthatching (feeding the young and guarding the nests). Most of our evidence comes from alleged dinosaur rookeries (places where nests are built). Several have been excavated in eastern Montana, where a large concentration of dinosaur nests was found at a place now called Egg Mountain. Most of these probably belonged to the hadrosaur Maiasaura. Preserved in these nests are the bones of baby dinosaurs. The finds at Egg Mountain and other sites around the world document that dinosaurs land their eggs in nests.

The nests at Egg Mountain are reported to be equally spaced, separated by a space corresponding to the length of an adult Maiasaura. From this arrangement scientists have inferred that the nests were separated in this way to allow incubation in a tightly packed nesting colony. Although this interpretation is open to challenge, the discovery of Oviraplor adults on top of Oviraplor egg clutches (as determined by embryos in some eggs), is relatively powerful evidence that at least these dinosaurs incubated their nests.

Evidence for parental care following hatching is much more controversial. Behavioral speculation based on indirect fossil evidence is dangerous because the data is not always as unambiguous as might appear. At Egg Mountain, many nests contain baby dinosaur bones. Not all the dinosaurs in the nest are the same size. Many of the small bones found in the nests are associated with jaws and teeth, teeth that show signs of wear. It seems reasonable to assume that the wear was caused by the chewing of the coarse plants that were the hatchlings’ diet. Because the young were still in the nest, this food may have been brought to the rookery by foraging adults. This line of reasoning suggests that these animals had an advanced system of parental care. A closer look at the evidence clouds this interpretation. Analysis of dinosaur embryos indicates that worn surfaces are present on the teeth of juveniles even before hatching. Just as a human baby moves inside the mother before birth, modern-day archosaurs also grind their teeth before birth, wearing the surface in some spots. Thus, the fossil evidence for an advanced parental care system in extinct dinosaurs is suggestive but inconclusive, and it is hard even to imagine the sort of paleontologic discovery that could settle this debate for good.

The strongest evidence that extinct dinosaurs had some form of advanced parental care system is based on an understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among dinosaurs and their closest living relatives. Living dinosaurs (birds), even primitive ones such as ostriches and kiwis, exhibit parental care, so some form of parental care can be inferred to have existed in the last common ancestor of all birds. Although unappreciated, crocodiles are reptiles that are also caring parents. They build nests, guard the nests, and in some cases dig their young out of the nest when they hear the chirping young ones hatching. The young even communicate with each other while still in the egg by high-frequency squeaks (as birds do). Some evidence suggests that this squeaking is a cue for the synchronization of the hatching. Since birds and crocodiles share a common ancestor, the simplest explanation for the characteristics they share (such as nest building and some form of parental care) is that they evolved only once—that these attributes were present in their common ancestor and passed on to its descendants. Because extinct dinosaurs also descended from that ancestor, the simplest and most general theory is that extinct dinosaurs also shared these characteristics, even though they cannot be directly observed, and we cannot be sure how elaborate their parental care was.

Passage 2

TopicAustralian Megafauna Extinctions

Content Review

段：人类导致mammal和 megafauna的灭绝，灭绝的物种size从 大到小。

第二段：有人觉得是人类而不是气候导致的灭绝，原因：在早前的非洲，气候很干旱，气候的变化并没有导致很多动物灭绝。

第三段：反对前面的说法，觉得是气候导致的，原因1，干旱确实不利于动物生存，原因2，以前所有灭绝都是气候导致的;原因3，前者加说证据不确定

第四段：E.K又觉得以上说法太武断，觉得只考虑了"food limitation"而没考虑”predation limitation"'人类才是导致灭绝的关键因素

(重复2017.10.29考题)

Passage 3

TopicLife on Mars

Content Review

段，引入话题：火星上曾经存在的水和大气可能孕育出生命，就在十亿多年前火星进入今天的冰期之前，可能出现生命;

第二段，在火星进入寒冷冰期前，可能出现的生命形式是原始的细菌等微生物(microbes)，但人类无法去火星上检测这些生命是否存在;

第三段，在地球上人类也可以观测火星的生命——利用来自火星的陨石(meteorites)，这些陨石中所捕捉到的气体成分和火星大气成分完全匹配，因此证实这些陨石确是来自火星;

第四段，对火星的陨石分析发现其中含有碳酸盐类物质(carbonate matter)，碳酸盐类物质的生成必须有水存在，因此证实了科学家先前对于火星大气和地表存在水的推测，也与先前来自火星探测器的照片相符，照片中显示了由水侵蚀所形成的河道;

第五段，研究证实来自火星的陨石中含有原始生命，其结构和地球上的原始细菌(primitive bacteria)相似，都能够产生富含铁的化学晶体(iron-rich chemical crystals)，这些化学晶体以小泪滴状显现于陨石中，正好存在碳酸盐类物质消溶的地方(where the carbonate has dissolved);

第六段，最后一个表明火星陨石中含有原始生命的证据是一个极其微小的椭圆形结构，被编码为ALH84001碳酸盐球体(carbonate globules)，该球体向外放大看起来极像地球上的细菌，但其尺寸太小，并且其内部没有发现氨基酸、半透膜(semipermeable membranes)、或其他内腔(internal cavities)以承载生物体液而行使生物功能，因此被一些科学家质疑是否是真正的早期生

Passage 4

TopicNaturalism and Nature in Art

Content Review

希腊亚里士多德时期开始崇尚自然主义，认为艺术就是生动再现客观事物，但也包括 fiction as unicorns。个例子：Z(人名)和J(人名)关于谁在艺术方面更有造诣的比拼，Z画了一串葡萄，引得鸟儿来啄;但是J的画作是窗帘(curtain)。Z看到这个窗帘后让他的对手摘掉窗帘，展画作。但是curtain其实是后者画的。所以Z认输。

第二个例子，关于画花。进一步说明自然主义。那个时候开始画些flowers(比如tulip)有了代表的意义。

但是慢慢有expressionist不再忠实于自然主义，有人认为photography。不仅仅是camera的决定，更是人的选择。达芬奇也认为观察(observation)带来的仅仅是相似(likeness)，复制(copy )就是照镜子(mirror)，艺术应该更多涉及智慧的创造力(intelligent activity)和内心生活(inner life)，including energy and strength. Georgia在画 Connolly的时候也更注重表现其本质(essence)，而不是影像(image)。

Passage 5

TopicChanges in the early modern European states

Content Review

段讲了欧洲经历的一系列的社会变化，尤其是政治层面。后面几段主要讲了欧洲国家开始意识到nationality，即领土的完整，语言的统一common language等。另外，欧洲国家也开始意识到rationality，主要受到中国的等级(hierarchy)的影响，社会开始分层。

另外法国首先开始扩大government power，但是法国的政府并没有有效执行它制定的一些举措，而是通过战争扩大领土。不过法国的的关于政府权利和效率的做法随后背其他国家模仿follow和推崇。

最后一段，主要讲了英国和荷兰的情况，和其他欧洲国家的情况不太一样。荷兰建造了个监狱。英国的monarchy的不同则主要体现在两方面，一是给了议会(parliament)更大的权利，另外限制公民的宗教信仰自由religious freedom。

Passage 6

TopicBiomass energy

Content Review

段讲了生物物质能源(biomass energy) 的定义，来自于植物 plants，未来或许可以用于替代化石燃料(fossil fuel)的新能源(new energy resource)。 第二段讲了biomass energy的开发会可能给环境和一些物种(species )带来压力(pressure)。然后举了印度的一处森林的例子。由于森林砍伐(deforestation)，这个地区的物种的栖息地受到影响。始果进一步开发生物物质能源，给环境带来的影响或许不可逆。后面讲了biomass energy的开发和运用。如果biomass得到合理的运用，比如及时补充被砍伐的森林和植物，就不会对环境的二氧化碳的含量造成影响。最后一段作者展望了biomass的未来，有无潜力可以替代石油进口。作者先写了美国的一些地方 biomass energy的储量还是很大的，因为有足够的闲置的土地idle farmlands可以用来种植所需的植物。但是biomass energy 并不一定能够代替fossil fuel。

Passage 7

TopicThe origins of Plant and Animal Domestication

Content Review

首先介绍动植物驯化的概念，后面提到对动植物的驯化代表了人和地球资源相互作用之间发生了巨大的变化。最后讲动植物驯化对人类社会的作用和影响，农业的发展也伴随着人类社会组织的根本变化：财富分化，权利登记差异和城镇化。

Passage 8

TopicPlanetary Formation

Content Review

说的是生命的形成。刚开始说地球早期火山爆发使得地球上有很多大气，后来就形成了一些简单的植物，后来这些植物吸收了那些甲烷和二氧化碳光合作用产生了氧气和水(后来有了海)，那些简单生物就在海里形成了。洋气多了以后形成了一个氧气保护膜，使得地球气温不太高，生物不受SUV伤害，太阳系上其他行星因为没有这个氧气保护层所以没办法形成生命。

Passage 9

Topic建造大坝的影响

Content Review

美国建造大坝，介绍了对环境的影响以及重建的原因，有些环保人士反对的大坝

Passage 10

Topic古希腊青铜马雕像

Content Review

重复2018-3-31 加试新题

monumental=enormouspresumably=probably

manipulated=skillfully useddeteriorating=worsening

pursue=practiceaccompanied=gone together with

subsistence=survivalprogressive =increasing

diminishing=reducingfragmented =broken apart

rudimentary =primitivefaithfully=accurately

controversial = debatedadmiration for = high opinion of

hence= thusfragile=delicate

perceived=seenexceedingly=extremely

compressing=squeezing togethercomplicated=difficult to understand

contract=become smalleralleged=supposed

controversial=debatableinconclusive=not decisive

repudiation=rejectionsleek=smooth

hierarchy=ranking orderlyinstall=put in order

inevitably=unavoidablyidle=unused

  Listening

Conversation 1

Topic学生和教授的对话

Content

女生在学微积分，然后发现很难，然后找了tutor help。老师说tutor很紧缺的。女生又说我现在这个tutor不好，刚上课的内容我全都懂的。老师解释到：因为每个tutor都有自己的expertise。然后给了学生两个解决方案。一是加入同班别的study group。这样可以一起讨论问题。第二个解决方案是去help room，那里一直是open的所以时间很方便。但是缺点是有可能会wait别的同学以及不能一对一指导。

Conversation 2

Topic学生和教授的对话

Content

学生要做一个报告，然后需要做一个survey。但是学生不知道如何做survey。或者说 how to select people。教授说首先要确保样本具有代表性。举了个例子，而且考到了，就是 葡萄干蛋糕。如果你做葡萄干蛋糕，然后你把所有葡萄干都放在一边，然后切了另一边的蛋糕。那吃另一边蛋糕的人肯定不会觉得这个是葡萄干蛋糕。所以说选取样本的时候一定要涵盖全镇的人。学生说可以用打电话的办法去做这个调查，写邮件很多人可能根本不会回你。那如何打电话，能打给全镇的人呢?教授举了个例子，说他们家电话的区号是256，所以你只需要打不同区号的电话可以联系到整个镇的人。

Conversation 3

Topic学生和教授的对话

Content

一个女学生找教授询问课上没讲完的东西，和生物相关，有关动物速度。

Lecture 1

TopicStudio art

Content

讲了color是会褪色的。很多时候都是由于纸也会褪色的缘故。那纸为啥会褪色呢。是因为造纸的是wood。然后wood随着时间的增长，会产生一种acid。这才破坏纸。还说了一种light fast material。说了earthtone啥的作为例子。所以说会有一些解决方法。比如你作画的时候去买一些的档案纸，然后用一下frame material，也就是玻璃，将你的画裱起来。这样就可以防止很多光线产生的破坏。最后呢用一种back paper。这种paper是acid-free的。如果你的作品保存的好，也就是用了上述方法，相信可以卖个好价钱。

Lecture 2

TopicEnvironmental science

Content

professor先讲了分类。有三种：native species是inside the range。 non-native是outside the range。以及最后的invasion species，是给当地生态环境或者经济造成严重破坏的。然后聚了个例子，有种贝壳类叫做斑马青口贝。这个物种之前一直是在欧洲的死海，但是现在也会在北美洲出现。然后提到了一个概念，叫做ballast water。他其实指的是轮船的底部的一些水，当装货或者卸货的时候，这些水进入或者释放，这样来平衡船在水中的位置。所以说这些斑马青口贝就是通过进入到这个水中，然后跟着船一起到了美洲，然后当这些水在被释放的时候，这些青口贝也随之一起流出来，到达美洲。这些入侵物种给当地的生态链造成严重的破坏。一种是使当地物种灭绝，第二种是使水变得清洁，这样很多动物都暴露在predator的眼中。

Lecture 3

TopicIdentify the ocean sound

Content

教授说了海底下有很多的声音，有些声音是很难被识别的。比如说有一种叫做 up swept的声音。这种声音一直持续，并且越来越响。科学家们认为也许是大型鲸鱼，然而这个声音在海洋的两边都听得到，因此不可能是鲸鱼。然后他们用了地震仪。发现是是海底的一座火山发出的声音。还有一种声音叫做 slow down人们用了光谱仪去测试。一个叫克里斯托弗 Fox的科学家发现这种声音是来自海底下的冰川在崩塌发出的声音。因为气候变化，全球变暖的缘故。

Lecture 4

TopicFarm under the sand

Content

教授讲了一个遗迹。叫做farm under the sand。这个一季由于是在沙漠的底下，且在冻土层。所以保存的非常好。然后介绍了，有一种新的科技。叫做 dirt DNA。 这种新的技术可以探测有多少动物埋在土中，但是也有缺点，那就是他同时也会污染土壤。导致对年代的判定不准确。举了个例子，说维京人住在格林兰岛。事实是他们是从14世纪迁入格林兰岛，但是这项技术显示他们是15世纪才迁入的。然后还讲了两个事情，现在不太确定。是是否经历了气候改变?第二是维京人是否成功的在格林兰岛生息。

Lecture 5

Topic农业学

Content

农业技术，从水植到空气植株的垂直农业发展

Lecture 6

Topic电影课

Content

电影课。先提到了这部电影具体什么样子，就像一场trip to Russian history一样，有梦幻的感觉。然后说是在State Hermitage Museum里拍摄的，影片没有任何的sharp charge, 是因为采用了特殊的技术，一镜到底，缺点是一有错误就要重新开始，不能剪辑，还有很消耗体力，要扛十几个小时摄像机，以及排练要几个月时间。强调技术只是实现艺术手段的工具。

  Speaking

Task 1

Topic

三选一题型：

博物馆新开了一个儿童领域，选择那个主题最吸引人?三选一：机器人技术 / 深海动物 / solar system

If a children museum is going to have an exhibition. which of the following theme will be the most attractive to children? 1. robot technology 2. deep sea marine 3.solar system

Task 2

Topic

同意不同意应该一直对自己的好朋友坦诚真诚?

Do you agree or disagree that we should be completely honest and open to our close friends. Please give specific details to support your opinion.

Task 3

Reading

阅读标题: students replace the gym instructors

原因 1: students have this expertise and can earn extra money.?

原因 2: students will pay more attention on gym class if the instructor is their friend.

Listening

听力态度:male disagrees

原因1: students need to be trained and certified to be a trainer, yet this certificate course is expensive. like a yoga certificate course is 100 dollar. even though students get these certificates. they are still less experienced than those gym instructor.

原因2: students are busy. they won't come if they know the class was taught by other students who are not very professional. so less and less people will come for class.

Task 4

Definition

人们会因为包装的质量，改变对内容物认知。全球营销 (global marketing )

标题:global marketing

定义:when a company wants to expand its business to the global. They need to do two things.

First. Send a universal and global message to customers.

Second. Try to adjust this message with local cultural difference.

Examples

举例一个卖运动饮料的公司，根据不同地方的人喜欢不同的运动而选择广告， 比如在喜欢滑雪的地方让滑雪运动员拍广告，在巴西让足球运动员出演广告。

听力例子:professor mentioned a sport drinking company.

Firstly, it delivered the universal message to the audiences, which is determination. So they show athletes doing sports with determination. But to blend in the local culture. they show different sports in different country. For example, in Swiss, since it is a mountainous country, so they demonstrate the ad by using skiing. However, if in brazil, it will change to football.

Task 5

Problem

女生答应要去一个生日聚会，她有一个比赛距离很远， 要很早出发，但dinner的时间很晚.

问题:The girl has time conflict. She promised to go to Sarah's birthday party tonight. But she will have a track competition tomorrow and thus get up at 5AM.

Solutions

解决方法——a:在车上睡觉，b:在餐馆待几个小时

解决方案 1:sleep on the bus tomorrow

优点 1:she can go to the party 缺点 1:might not get a good sleep

解决方案 2:stop by half hour and give Sarah the gift.

优点 2:she can sleep well and see Sarah 缺点 2:Sarah might get upset

Task 6

Topic

plant move 的两个原因，一个是defensive ，第二个是help growth，例子是含羞草mimosa 和 葡萄grapevine

When plants are touched. They will move for two purposes.

Content

要点 1:defensive action 例子 1. When mimosa get touched. Its leave will turn down and look unhealthy. So the animal won't eat it.

要点 2:support growth 例子 2:grapevine will stick around the trees to grow

  Writing

Task 1

Topic：关于发生在东澳大利亚的球状发光现象

Reading

观点：三个理论解释发生在东澳大利亚的球状发光现象

1. 生物发光,光源来自发光的昆虫

2. 地面的气体和氧气发生反应发光

3. 空气里的暖气层反射地面的灯光

Listening

观点：听力部分反驳阅读理由存在不合理和弊端

1. 生物发光太弱，并且生物不可能形成球状的光。

2. 地面气体存在于湿地或者离湿地近的地方，但这个区域很干。

3. 这种发光现象已经有几百年了，那时候电还没有那么亮。

Task 2

Topic

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:

Some people think the media (including newspapers，televisions，radio and internet sources)are less concerned with the accuracy of news.

Include examples and specific reasons in your response.