托福阅读场景词汇：植物相关英语词汇一节【新航道原创】

发布时间：2021-05-11 10:37

托福阅读场景词汇：动物相关英语词汇五节【新航道原创】

1托福阅读场景词汇：植物类相关英语词汇一节

species

释义•n.种类；物种

例句•Many areas were richer in animal and plant species than they are now, making them highly favorable for human occupation.（TPO 20-2)

派生•endangered species 濒危物种

interspecies n.种间

intraspecies adj.种内的

seed

释义•n.种子；子孙v.在•••播种；结籽

例句•The seeds of grasses, flowers, and blooming trees made the long trips to these islands. (TPO 9-3)

pollen

释义•n.花粉

例句•Stingless bees are abundant in tropical and subtropical environments, where they gather nectar and pollen from a• wide variety of flowers.(TPO 32-3)

派生•pollinate v.授粉；传粉

pollinator n.传粉媒介；传粉昆虫；授花粉器

vegetation

释义•n.植被；植物；草木

例句•In fact, for mature soils in many parts of the world, the predominant type of natural vegetation is considered the most important direct influence on soil characteristics.（TPO 36-1)

nutrient

释义•n.养分；营养物

例句•In addition, trees can extend their roots deep within the soil and bing up nutrients from far below the surface.(TPO 36-1)

派生•nutrition n.营养；滋养

nutritious adj.有营养的；滋养的

nutritive adj.营养的

ecosystem

释义•n.生态系统

例句•Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. (TPO 3-3)

organic

释义•adj.有机（体）的；器官的

例句•Most of the organic matter is buried in clay that is slowly converted to a fine-grained sedimentary rock known as shale.（TPO 43-2)

派生•organism n.有机体；生物体；微生物

flower

释义•n.花v.开花；繁荣

例句•Given a year of favorable precipitation ,such plants will develop vigorously and produce large numbers of flowers and fruit.(TPO 26-2)

resistant

释义•adj.抗•••的；耐•••的；抵抗的

例句•Genetic engineering also may provide a partial solution, as new strains of drought-resistant crops continue to be developed.(TPO 3-2)

biology

释义•n.生物学；生物

例句•competition among individuals of the same species (intraspecies competition),one of the major mechanisms of natural selection, is the concern of evolutionary biology.(TPO29-2)

派生•biologist n.生物学家

gene

释义•n.基因

例句•In the absence of gene flow between the subpopulations. genetic differences between the groups begin to accumulate.（TPO 31-1)

派生•genetic 遗传的；基因的；起源的

transgenic adj.转基因的

root

释义•n.根v.生根

例句•In contrast, the roots of grasses and other small plants may help to hold loose soil fragments together, thereby helping to prevent erosion by the wind. (OG 1-3)

派生•rootless adj.无根的；无根据的

taproot n.主根；直根

wood

释义•n.木材；树林；木制品

例句•For people in cliff dwellings, hauling water, wood, and food to their homes was a major chore.(TPO 24-3)

派生•woodlot n.林地

woodland n.林地

savanna

释义•n.(尤指非洲的）稀树草原（同savannah)

例句•Knowledge of iron making penetrated into the forest and savannahs of West Africa at roughly the same time that iron making was reaching Europe.(TPO 7-3)

ecology

释义•n.生态学

例句•The ecology of the region also permitted armed predators to prowl the surrounding barrens, which were almost impossible for a state to control. (TPO 16-1)

派生•ecologist n.生态学家

seagrass

释义•n.海草

例句•Seagrasses are rooted plants that absorb nutrients from the sediment or substrate.(TPO 44-3)

algae

释义•n.水藻；藻类

例句•Today green algae live mainly in freshwater, suggesting that their early evolutionary history may have occurred in freshwater habitats.(TPO 25-3)

stem

释义•n.(花草的）茎；（高脚酒杯的）脚；烟斗柄；词干v.阻止

例句•Toxic minerals would first be absorbed by roots but later relocated to the stem and leaves. (TPO 5-1)

marsh

释义•n.沼泽；湿地

例句•These natural salt marshes are among the most productive habitats in the marine environment. (TPO 22-1)

派生•marshland n.沼泽地

2托福阅读词汇题解答技巧

除了集中强化地背单词之外，考生还应学会根据单词所在的上下文语境利用逻辑关系来推测单词的含义。在考试过程中，考生可以利用到的逻辑关系有并列关系，举例关系和转折关系。下面将依次举例进行说明。

1. 并列关系解答词汇题实例

如果两个句子成分之间是并列的关系，则它们的感情色彩应该相近，所描述的内容性质也相近。常见的表示并列关系的信号词有：and, both…and, as well as, also, similarly, equally, likewise等。

例题分析：

Paragraph 4: The ice shelf cores, with a total length of 215 meters (705 feet), were long enough to penetrate through glacial ice---which is formed from the compaction of snow and contains air bubbles---and to continue into the clear, bubble-free ice formed from seawater that freezes onto the bottom of the glacial ice. (OG Test 2 Green Icebergs)

4. The word penetrate in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. collect

B. pierce

C. melt

D. endure

解析

本句较长，破折号中的从句是对前面的glacial ice的修饰，可暂且忽略不看，因此由句子中的and可知，and前后的词penetrate和continue into是并列关系，continue into表达“进入”的含义，因此可对选项进行筛选，collect为“收集”，melt意为“溶解，融化”，endure意为“持续;容忍”，因此可推测出答案为B选项。B选项中的pierce为“渗透，渗入”的意思，与penetrate(渗透，穿透)同义。

2. 举例关系解答词汇题实例

举例是对前面的观点进行论证和解释，因此例子与其论证对象的特质相一致。表示举例关系的信号词有for example/instance, such as, like, including等。

例题分析

Paragraph 8: People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people's motives. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people's motives. For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.

10. The word “distort” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. mistrust

B. misinterpret

C. criticize

D. resent

解析

后句中看到信号词for example, 则是举例子来论证前面的观点。后句意思为“他们认为别人想伤害自己，而事实并非如此”，可以看出是误解了别人的想法，那么前句的观点应当是“有攻击性的人经常误解别人的动机”，由此可以推测出distort为“误解，曲解”类似的含义，则选出正确答案B. misinterpret(曲解)。

3. 转折/对比关系解答词汇题实例

一个句子中出现了转折或对比关系时，则转折词前后的内容相反。表示转折关系的信号词有although, despite, in spite of, instead (of), while, on the contrary, conversely, rather than, however, but, whereas等。

例题分析

Paragraph 4: But when a new area is fueled by rain, the mammals migrate toward it in a set order to exploit it. The larger, less fastidious feeders, the zebras, move in first; the choosier, smaller wildebeests come later; and the smallest species of all, Thomson’s gazelle, arrives last.

10. The word fastidious in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. rapid

B. determined

C. flexible

D. demanding

解析

本句中虽然没有明确的出现表对比的信号词，但是考生很容易发现the larger, less fastidious feeders, the zebras, move in first; the choosier, smaller wildebeests come later; 前后两句形成对比关系，其中larger与smaller互为反义词，则可推测出less fastidious与choosier同样互为反义词，则进一步推出fastidious与choosier应为近义词，choosier为“挑剔的”意思，所以选出正确答案D. demanding(苛求的)，fastidious本身意为“挑剔的，吹毛求疵的”含义。

同词异意对比法。如：bear, bill, scale等。

常用的托福阅读词汇题解答技巧就推荐这些，如在学习过程中发现错误或者有问题咨询的话，欢迎添加新航道专业老师微信(微信号：shnc_2018)进行详细咨询。

试听预约模考预约