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TPO 29

Section1

Conversation1

Narrator

Listen to part of a conversation between a student and an employee at the registrar’s office.

Employee

Morning. How can I help you?

Student

Well, I am kind of confused about my schedule. I printed it out this morning. But one of the classes I registered for is missing.

Employee

OK. Let’s see if we can figure this out. What’s your name?

Student

Lisa Johnson.

Employee

Alright. I am bringing up your schedule on the computer. Hmmm…It looks like you’re registered for Introduction to Astronomy, Survey of American Literature, and Introduction to Government and Politics.

Student

Well, yes, but I also registered for a language class—Level One Japanese. Did they…I don’t know, maybe cancel it?

Employee

I doubt it. The Japanese classes are quite popular. But let’s take a look at the list of Japanese classes being offered this semester just to make sure. Um… what section did you register for?

Student

I don’t remember the section number. But it’s the one that meets at eleven.

Employee

Ah! That would be section five. Well, according to this, the class is completely full. Are you sure…you, um, you registered online, right?

Student

Yeah.

Employee

Did you get a confirmation message?

Student

What do you mean?

Employee

Well, once you’ve successfully registered for a class, the computer gives you a message saying you are in.

Student

Oh. You mean that message at the bottom of the screen that says you’re now registered for this class? Actually, I didn’t get that message. I got one that said “instructor’s signature required.” I thought I just needed to get to professor’s signature on the first day of class.

Employee

Well, you do. But the professor might no sign it. It depends on how full the class is and how many additional students the professor is willing to let in.

Student

So that means I am not registered for the class. Not unless the professor signs me in. What, uh, what should I do now?

Employee

Let me give you the form the professor needs to sign. Go to the class on the first day, get there early, so you can talk to the professor before class starts. Find out if he or she is willing to let you in. If so, bring the signed form back here and we’ll register you for the class.

If not, well, you’ll have to find a different class. I’d start looking for alternatives now, just in case.

Student

What do you think my chances are of getting into this class?

Employee

Students often add and drop classes once the semester begins, so there is a real chance a seat would open up. But of course there are no guarantees.

Student

It’s just that I need a language course to graduate and that’s the only Japanese class that fits my schedule.

Employee

Yes. But according to our records, you are only in your first year here. If you can’t take the class this semester, you still got time.

Student

I know. I was just hoping to take care of my requirements earlier rather than later.

Employee

I understand. I just wanted to make sure you know you had options.

Lecture1-Ecology(Pedodiversity)

Narrator

Listen to part of a lecture in a plant ecology class.

Professor

So far we have covered biodiversity in the hard wood forest here in the upper peninsula of Michigan from a number of angles. We’ve looked at everything from how biodiversity relates to species stability, to competition for forests resources and more.

But now I want to discuss what’s called pedodiversity. Pedodiversity is basically soil diversity. When we analyze pedodiversity within an area, we are measuring how much variability there is in soil properties and how many different types of soil there are in a particular area.

So we look at soil chemistry. For example, how much nitrogen or magnesium there’s in the soil in one spot. And we compare it with the chemistry of the soil a short distance away.

Until recently, there hasn’t been a whole lot of attention paid to pedodiversity. But that’s changing rapidly. More and more studies are being done in these fields. There’s a link between biodiversity and pedodiversity, an obvious relationship between soils and flora and fauna, which is why pedodiversity really should be considered in forest management.

A high degree of soil variability in a small area is common, particularly within forests. If you compare soils from a forest with soils that don’t come from a forest, the amount of variability will most likely be greater in the forest’s soil. It generally has more diversity.

Um…OK. There are three main causes of pedodiversity within old-growth forest here in our region of Michigan.

One is tree species. Different species have different influences on soil formation and soil properties. For example, pine trees drop pine needles. And those needles add a lot of acid to the soil. The organic litter of another tree species might add less acid but more of something else. A lot of different types of trees in an area might mean more pedodiversity.

Another cause? Gaps … created when trees fall. You see, where there are gaps, open areas in the forest, the soil there changes. Um… for instance, without a tree to absorb radiation from the Sun, to offer shade, the full intensity of that radiation reaches the ground. The soil where the tree used to be heats up. And without a tree to soak up moisture from the ground, the soil remains wetter than in the surrounding forest. With a higher temperature and more moist conditions, the process of organic matter decomposition speeds up. In other words, organic matter gets broken down and added into the soil more quickly in these gaps than in the surrounding forest.

OK. And the third cause—trees being uprooted. When a tree is uprooted, it might fall into some other trees on its way down, thus falling only partway over. Or it might crash all the way down to the forest floor. Either way, if its roots are pulled up from out of the ground as the tree topples over, then there’s usually a big hole, a pit left in the ground where the roots used to be. And there’s still a lot of soil attached to the roots, clinging to the roots. As that soil is eventually shed from the roots by rain and wind and the movement of squirrels climbing around, things like that. Um... as the soil is shed, it drops down and forms a little hill of dirt, a mound.

Pits and mounds have significantly different soil properties than other areas in the forest. You get a redistribution and mixing of soil as deep roots are ripped up from the ground. Rock fragments can be pulled up too, if they’ve gotten entangled with the roots over the years. So rock fragments from the subsoil can end up concentrated on the surface.

There are forests management implications I want to point out. Forests management impacts soil quality. And when we better understand pedodiversity, we will be better able to predict the impact of forest management on soil. But in general, for positive impact, forest management practices should mimic natural forest processes. And the goal should be to promote pedodiversity, and through this, biodiversity in general.

I have a handout, an article on pedodiversity in a section of forests near here. I want you to read it, because it makes a point that I’ve only touched on. From what I have been saying about the causes of pedodiversity, you might assume that the relationship between forest dynamics, what happens to the trees, and pedodiversity is a one-way street. As the article explains, forest dynamics affects pedodiversity. But pedodiversity also affects forest dynamics. It’s worth bearing in mind.

Lecture2-Architecture(Reverberation)

Narrator

Listen to part of a lecture in an architecture class.

Professor

Today I’d like to talk a bit about the relationship between the built world and sound. Uh, the design of buildings like concert halls or theaters. So, what’s the most important aspect in the design of such a building?

Student

Acoustics?

Professor

Yes. Now, people have been concerned about how sound carries in auditoriums and theaters for at least 2,000 years. But it was not until the beginning of the twentieth century that architectural acoustics became a scientific field. That was when the physicist Wallace Sabine started to do extensive studies on reverberation.

Sabine wanted to find out why the audience could not understand speakers at a lecture hall in Boston. He designed a series of studies on reverberation to figure it out. So, what is reverberation? It’s the persistence of sound in a room after the source has stopped making sound. You see, sound made in a room reflects off the walls, floors and ceiling. That’s the reverberant sound. The time it takes for the reverberant sound to die down is important for the acoustic quality of a room. Sabine recognized this and he came up with an equation to measure a room’s reverberation time.

So, what happens if the reverberation time is very long?

Student

Wouldn’t it be difficult to hear new sounds if you can still hear the old sounds?

Professor

Exactly. A long reverberation time may cause musical notes to drown one another out.

On the other hand, if the reverberation time is very short … meaning, the reverberations are absorbed very quickly, the room is called dead. Performers would feel they have to struggle to fill the room with sound. We don’t want that. In a concert hall or theater, we prefer a live room, where the sound has fullness.

So we need to control the reverberation time. After all, we don’t want the listeners or the performers have to struggle, right?

So what are some important considerations when we design a theater or a concert hall?

Student

The size of the place?

Professor

Absolutely. The larger the room, the longer the reverberation time. So we’ll have to take into account what the room will be

mainly used for, since music requires more reverberation than speech. A room intended for music needs to be designed differently from a room intended for drama. For music, we need a very large room, a concert hall, actually I should say for full orchestras. Because for a single instrument, say something like a piano recital, a room with a short reverberation time is better. So for a solo piano a smaller room works well. Yes?

Student

I read that concert halls designed for symphony orchestras have too much echo for jazz music.

Professor

That doesn’t surprise me. Most small jazz groups would need rooms with a shorter reverberation time.

But besides the size of the room, another variable affecting reverberation is the shape of the room. Let’s say you design a rectangular box-like space with bare walls and ceiling, this would allow the sound to act like a ball in a racquetball court, you know, bouncing around and hitting some parts of the walls and ceiling but missing many others. If that happens in a concert hall, audience members may hear some sounds, but not others.

So what can be done to distribute the sound evenly in every direction? The answer is: avoid straight, parallel walls.

Karen?

Student

But I think I’ve seen photos of rectangular concert halls.

Professor

Right. Older concert halls from the 1800s are generally rectangular. But they all have a lot of decorations on the walls inside, lots of ornamental plasterwork like statues, which distribute sound very efficiently, reflecting it in all different directions.

And that brings me to another variable we need to consider. The acoustic characteristics of the building materials as well as the wall and floor coverings. In fact, most objects you see in a concert hall or theater serve double duty. The plush chairs absorb sound and soften reverberation. And the beautiful crystal Chandeliers? They are very good at diffusing sound. You see, everything must be planned down to the last detail in order to predict the acoustic performance of a room.

That being said, there’s something that can’t be controlled by the architect. The audience has an effect on acoustics too. The heads of people are good diffusers of sound. And Architects try to account for this effect in their design, but they can’t guarantee a full auditorium.

Section2

Conversation2

Narrator

Listen to a conversation between a student and his music history professor.

Student

Um, professor Jenkins. The listening journal you assigned us to keep for the Intro to World Music class, well, I am not sure I understand what to do. I listened to the pieces you assigned this week more than once, but when I tried to write about them, I didn’t know what to say.

Professor

Well, it’s not easy to write about music, even for people who are supposedly expert at it.

Student

That makes me feel a little better. But I am just not familiar with how you keep a listening journal. I’ve kept journals for other classes, summarizing and writing about how I felt about readings.

Professor

Well, a listening journal isn’t all that different, I want you to note your feelings about musical compositions too.

Student

OK. There were pieces I like more than others, but I think you want our comments to be a little more…I don’t know, analytical. Right?

Professor

Well, whether you like a piece or not is important, but you should be able to explain why you like a particular piece and be able to talk about its historical and musical context. Actually, the listening journal is a tool to help you listen to music actively, to think about what you are hearing.

Student

Maybe I am finding it difficult because I am not real familiar with most of the music you assigned. I mean, if it’s hip-hop or something I listen to with my friends…

Professor

Yes, because hip-hop is a form that’s familiar and meaningful to you. But you’ll see as the semester progresses and you start learning more about musical forms, you’ll become a more adept listener. And you’ll start noticing patterns.

Student

OK. So the songs we listened to this week, the …the Canto?

Professor

The Cante jondo1. You remember we said it means “deep song” in Andalusian Spanish? Not only because it’s sung in a

1 Spanish hondo = "deep". The name is spelt with a j as a form of eye dialect because traditional Andalusian pronunciation has retained an aspirated h lost in other forms of

Spanish.

deep register, but also because it’s a song about deeper or serious matters, certainly not lighthearted.

Student

Really? Hmm…I guess I didn’t catch the double meaning. That’s kind of cool. But anyway, even with the translations you gave us for the lyrics and everything, I don’t know, I could tell it’s sad, but I wasn’t trying to analyze it, from a musical perspective that is.

Professor

OK. So this is what you should do. Go back and listen to the song selection and this time pay attention to the melody, to repetition, to the …

Student

There was plenty of that. Some parts sounded like the same note played over and over again.

Professor

That’s exactly the kind of observation you would record in a listening journal. So, melody repetition, rhythm, how the piece is structured, as well as your reasons for liking or disliking it.

You know what? I thought everyone was clear about this, but you’ve just given me a great idea. I am going to draw up a list of questions everyone should keep in mind when they are writing their journals. Other students may be having the same problem you are having.

Lecture3-Archaeology(Clovis Culture)

Narrator

Listen to part of a lecture in an archaeology class.

Professor

We will be looking at the original settlement of the Americas next, and I’ll spend the next few classes talking about the Clovis people and the two big questions archaeologists have about them.

The two big questions are, when did the Clovis people arrive in the Americas? And of course, were they the first people in the Western hemisphere. And we’ll get to that. But for today, let’s try to get an idea about, well, a question that’s not addressed as much as the others and that’s – what was their culture like? And how do we figure that out?

Now, again, there’s a great debate about when the Clovis people first arrived in the Americas. And I am not like a lot of archaeologists who want to push the number way back, so let’s use a round number and probably a safe number and say 11,000 years ago. The Clovis people were likely settling North America 11,000 years ago. And leave it at that for now.

Now, most of what we know about the Clovis people comes from one of their tools—the Clovis point. When we talk about a point we are referring to a piece of stone that’s worked to a sharp point, in this case probably to be attached to a spear. The Clovis point may be the most analyzed artifact in archaeology. And the point used by Clovis people differs slightly from later points, in the way that the base of the stone is thinned, uh, it’s thinner toward the base, the part that’s attached to the spear. So when one is found, it’s usually not confused with points made by later groups.

Clovis points have been discovered at both hunting grounds and camp sites, which you might expect. But another fascinating place we find them is in Clovis caches. A cache is just something stored or hidden away. It’s also the term for the place where it’s hidden.

The Clovis caches are collections of tools, stone points and other tools made of stone or bone, often at various stages of manufacturing, some were left unfinished. The traditional explanation is that these were emergency supplies, uh, meant to

be used at a later time. Since the Clovis people were highly mobile, it’s plausible that they would set up spots along established travel routes where they keep a variety of items. Either so that they wouldn’t have to carry everything with them or so they could save time once they arrived at a site by not having to make stuff from scratch.

But there’s another theory about the caches based on the quality of some of the points we’ve found. You see, the points in some caches differ from other points, from points at Clovis camp sites for example. For one thing, these cache points are quite large, up to twice as large as regular points, so big that you couldn’t attach one to a spear say, and expect to throw the spear accurately over any distance. So what were they for?

Well, it was originally thought that they were unfinished, that someone was working away a point, then had to stop and put it aside in one of these caches to work on later. The problem is: it’s unlikely that a point would have started out as large as the points in these caches, that would be a lot of stone to chip away. A toolmaker starts with a smaller piece. And actually, far from being unfinished, a lot of these points really show excellent craftsmanship and attention to detail. And not just with respect to the skill, but also with respect to the raw material, it seems that cached points are made from the very best pieces of stone.

So we have to ask—could these points have served another purpose? Maybe be they weren’t just tools. Look at it this way. When the Clovis people first arrived in the Americas, they had a lot to learn about their new environment. Over time, they would have begun to recognize some places as special, important for some reason. Maybe there was always water available there. Or the hunting was especially good. So maybe the cache was a way to mark the place as significant.

Lecture4-Structural Engineering(Carbon Nanotubes)

Narrator

Listen to part of a lecture in a structural engineering class.

Professor

Today let’s begin to look at structural engineering in the Space Age. Uh, new problems…new possibilities mean we can think in new ways, find radically different approaches. So let’s consider…uh, well, what would you say is the biggest obstacle today to putting structures, equipment, people …uh, anything really, into space?

Student

Well, the cost, right?

Professor

Exactly. I mean, just taking the space shuttle up and back one time is hugely expensive. Uh, why?

Student

I guess a lot of it is for fuel, right? To…to get the rocket going fast enough.

Professor

OK. Fast enough to…

Student

To escape Earth’s gravity.

Professor

Good. So we are burning up an enormous amount of fuel at every launch just to get the rocket up to what’s known as escape velocity. Now, escape velocity is around 11 kilometers a second, pretty fast. But do we really have to go this fast?

Student

Well, yeah. I mean, how else can you, um…escape? I mean, that’s the whole point of escape velocity, right? Otherwise gravity will pull you back down to the Earth.

Professor

Actually, that’s a common misconception. Escape velocity is simply the speed of an object that’s …uh, let’s say, shot out of a cannon the minimum initial speed so that the object could later escape Earth’s gravity on its own. But that’s just if there’s no additional force being applied. If you keep on supplying force to the object, keep on pushing it upward. It could pull away from Earth’s gravity at any speed.

Student

Even really slow? So you’re saying …like, if you had a ladder tall enough, you could just climb into space?

Professor

Yeah! Uh, well, theoretically. I mean, I can see some practical problems with the ladder example. Uh, like you might get just a little bit tired out after the first few thousand kilometers or so, uh, especially with all the oxygen tanks you’ll have to

be hauling up with you.

No. I was thinking more along the lines of an elevator.

Student

Wait! You are serious?

Professor

Sure. An elevator. That’s a new idea to most of us, but in fact it’s been around for over a century. If we could power such an elevator with solar energy, we could simply rise up into space for a fraction of the cost of a trip by rocket or shuttle.

Student

But wait, elevators don’t just rise up. It have (sic2) to hang on some kind of wire or track or something.

2 You write sic in brackets after a word or expression when you want to indicate to the reader that although the word looks odd or wrong, you intended to write it like that or the original writer wrote it like that. Sic表示“原文如此”。从语法上讲原文应为it has，但听力中的说话者确实用了it have，这是口头表达时语法不像书面语那么严谨的缘故，类似情况已在托福听力中出现了若干次。

Professor

Uh, true. And for decades that’s exactly what’s prevented the idea from being feasible or even just taken seriously. Where do we find the material strong enough yet lightweight enough to act as a cable or track. I mean, we are talking 36,000 kilometers here. And the strain on the cable would be more than most materials could bear.

But a new material developed recently has a tensile strength higher than diamond, yet it’s much more flexible. I am talking about carbon nanotubes.

Student

OK. I’ve read something about carbon nanotubes. They are strong, alright, but aren’t they just very short little cylinders in shape?

Professor

Ah, yes. But these cylinders cling together at a molecular level. You pull out one nanotube or row of nanotubes, and its neighbor’s come with it, and their neighbors, and so on. So you could actually draw out a 36,000-kilometer strand or ribbon of nanotubes stronger than steel, but maybe a thousandth the thickness of a human hair.

Student

OK. Fine. But what’s going to hold this ribbon up and keep it reach enough to support an elevator car?

Professor

Well, we definitely have to anchor it at both ends. So what we need is a really tall tower here on the ground right at the equator and a satellite in geostationary orbit around the Earth. There’s a reason I mentioned that figure of 36,000 kilometers. That’s about how high an object would have to be orbiting straight up from the equator to constantly remain directly above the exact same spot on the rotating planet Earth. So once you are in this geostationary orbit right over the tower, just lower your carbon nanotube cable down from the satellite, tether it to the tower here on Earth. And there you have it!

Student

So you really think this is a possibility? Like, how soon could it happen?

Professor

Well, the science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke talked about building a space elevator back in the 1970s. And when

someone asked him when he thought this idea might become a reality, his reply was, “Probably about fifty years after everybody quits laughing.”

TP029题目

Conversation-1

1 What is the conversation mainly about?

A. What the deadline to register for a Japanese class is.

B. Why a class the woman chose may not be suitable for her.

C. How the woman can fix an unexpected problem with her class schedule

D. How first-year students can get permission to take an extra class.

2 Why does the man tell the woman that Japanese classes are popular?

A. To imply that a Japanese class is unlikely to be canceled.

B. To explain why the woman should have registered for the class sooner.

C. To encourage the woman to consider to king Japanese.

D. To convince the woman to wait until next semester to toke a Japanese class.

3 Why does the man ask the woman if she registered for classes online?

A. To explain that she should have registered at the registrar's office.

B. To find out if there is a record of her registration in the computer.

C. To suggest a more efficient way to register for classes.

D. To determine if she received confirmation of her registration.

4 What does the man suggest the woman do? Click on 2 answers.

A. Put her name on a waiting list.

B. Get the professor to sign a form granting her permission to toke the class.

C. Identify a course she could toke instead of Japanese.

D. Speak to the head of the Japanese department.

5 What does the man imply when he points out that the woman is a first-year student?

A. The woman has registered for too many classes.

B. The woman should not be concerned if she cannot get into the Japanese class.

C. The woman should not register for advanced-level Japanese classes yet.

D. The woman should only take required courses at this time.

Lecture-1

6 What does the professor mainly discuss?

A. Cause of soil diversity in old-growth forests

B. The results of a recent research study in a Michigan forest

C. The impact of pedodiversity on forest growth

D. How forest management affects soil diversity

7 According to the professor, in what way is the soil in forested areas generally different from soil in other areas?

A. In forested areas, the soil tends to be wamer and moister.

B. In forested areas, the chemistry of the soil changes more rapidly.

C. In forested areas, there is usually more variability in soil types

D. In forested areas, there is generally more acid in the soil.

8 What does the professor suggest are the three main causes of pedodiversity in the old-growth hardwood forests she discusses?

Click on 3 answers.

A. The uprooting of trees

B. The existence of gaps

C. Current forest-management practices

D. Diversity of tree species

E. Changes in climatic conditions

9 Why does the professor mention radiation from the Sun?

A. To point out why pits and mounds have soil with unusual properties

B. To indicate the reason some tree species thrive in Michigan while others do not

C. To give an example of a factor that cannot be reproduced in forest management

D. To help explain the effects of forest gaps on soil

10 Why does the professor consider pedodiversity an important field of research?

A. It has challenged fundamental ideas about plant ecology.

B. It has led to significant discoveries in other fields.

C. It has implications for forest management.

D. It is an area of study that is often misunderstood.

11 Why does the professor give the students an article to read?

A. To help them understand the relationship between forest dynamics and pedodiversity

B. To help them understand how to approach an assignment

C. To provide them with more information on pits and mounds

D. To provide them with more exposure to a controversial aspect of pedodiversity

Lecture-2

12 What is the main purpose of the lecture?

A. To explain how musicians can perform successfully in theaters and concert halls with poor acoustics

B. To explain how the design of theaters and concert halls has changed over time

C. To discuss design factors that affect sound in a room

D. To discuss a method to measure the reverberation time of a room

13 According to the lecture, what were Sabine's contributions to architectural acoustics? Click on 2 answers.

A. He founded the field of architectural acoustics.

B. He developed an important formula for measuring a room's reverberation time.

C. He renewed architects' interest in ancient theaters.

D. He provided support for using established architectural principles in the design of concert halls.

14 According to the professor, what is likely to happen if a room has a very long reverberation time?

A. Performers will have to make an effort to be louder.

B. Sound will not be scattered in all directions.

C. Older sounds will interfere with the perception of new sounds.

D. Only people in the center of the room will be able to hear clearly.

15 Why does the professor mention a piano recital? Click on 2 answers.

A. To illustrate that different kinds of performances require rooms with different reverberation times

B. To demonstrate that the size of the instrument can affect its acoustic properties

C. To cite a type of performance suitable for rectangular concert hall

D. To exemplify that the reverberation time of a room is related to its size

16 According to the professor, what purpose do wall decorations in older concert halls serve?

A. They make sound in the hall reverberate longer.

B. They distribute the sound more evenly in the hall.

C. They make large halls look smaller and more intimate.

D. They distuise structural changes made to improve sound quality.

17 Why does the professor say this:重听题

A. To find out if students have understood his point

B. To indicate that he will conclude the lecture soon

C. To introduce a factor contradicting his previous statement

D. To add emphasis to his previous statement

Conversation-2

18 Why does the student go to see the professor?

A. To explain why he may need to hand in an assignment late

B. To get instructions on how to complete an assignment

C. To discuss a type a type of music his class is studying

D. To ask if he can choose the music to write about in a listening journal

19 What does the student describe as challenging?

A. Comparing contemporary music to earlier musical forms

B. Understanding the meaning of songs that are not written in English

C. Finding the time to listen to music outside of class

D. Writing critically about musical works

20 Why does the student mention hip-pop music?

A. To contrast the ways he responds to familiar and unfamiliar music

B. To help explain why he signed up for the professor's course

C. To point out its similarities to music introduced in the course

D. To give an example of music that features repeating rhythms

21 According to the professor, what are two characteristics of the musical form the class is currently studying? Click on 2

answers.

A. The songs are sung in a low voice.

B. The songs have influenced other musical styles.

C. The songs are about serious topics.

D. The songs were never written down.

22 What can be inferred about the professor at the end of the conversation?

A. She intends to provide all her students with additional information about the assignment.

B. She is concerned that the student may not be successful in the class.

C. She understands that the student has less experience playing music than writing about it.

D. She is happy that most students in the class were able to follow her instructions.

Lecture-3

23 What is the main purpose of the lecture?

A. To explain the method used to date Clovis caches

B. To compare two different types of Clovis caches

C. To discuss possible interpretations of Clovis caches

D. To show how caches indicate the route traveled by the Clovis people

24 What does the professor imply when she mentions a deviate about when the Clovis people arrived in the Americas?

A. An arrival date of 11,000 years ago is acceptable for the purpose of her lecture.

B. An arrival date of 11,000 years ago is inconsistent with some aspects of Clovis culture.

C. Only a few archaeologists believe the arrival date is much earlier than 11.000 years ago.

D. The debate about the arrival date of the Clovis people has recently been settled.

25 According to the lecture, what is indicated by the size of the points found in some Clovis caches?

A. Methods of toolmaking varied between different Clovis groups.

B. The Clovis people made a variety of tools for different purposes.

C. The points may not have been functional tools.

D. The larger points made the Clovis people's spears more effective.

26 What were two characteristics of tools found in Clovis caches? Click on 2 answers.

A. They were made later than other Clovis tools.

B. They were skillfully made.

C. They were carved with particular symbols.

D. They were made of the best pieces of stone.

27 According to the alternative hypothesis the professor mentions, why might the Clovis people have buried caches?

A. To indicate that they were the owners of the land

B. To pass cultural knowledge to future generations

C. To recognize that a place had a special meaning

D. To give a name to a particular area

Lecture-4

28 What is the main purpose of the lecture?

A. To help students understand what is required to launch a satellite

B. To descrive new materials now being used to explore space

C. To descrive a potential technology for space exploration

D. To show how ideas from science fiction often develop into actual technologies

29 Why does the student mention climbing a ladder?

A. To demonstrate his familiarity with certain new types of technology

B. To make sure he understands the point the professor is making

C. To raise an objection to the professor's claims about escape velocity

D. To provide a humorous example for the other students' amusement

30 What does the professor imply about using carbon nanotubes in the development of space elevators?

A. Current technology is good enough to make space elevators even without nanotubes.

B. We do not yet have the technology to bind nanotubes together in a ribbon.

C. Nanotube cables would not be rigid enough to support an elevator car.

D. Nanotubes are the kinds of materials that will be needed if space elevators are ever to be built.

31 According to the professor, what is the significance of having a satellite in orbit about 36.000 kilometers above Earth's surface?

A. This is the physical limit of the length that a carbon nanotube cable could reach.

B. A satellite orbiting at this height can remain directly above on location on Earth.

C. Earth's gravitational field is too weak to hold a satellite in orbit at higher altitudes.

D. The distance aroud Earth's equator is approximately 36.000 kilometers.

32 Why does the professor mention the writer Arthur C. Clarke?

A. To use a comment made by Clarke as a way of answering a student's question

B. To familiarize students with Clarke's ideas on space engjneer.ng

C. To cite a prominent opponent of the idea of space elevators

D. To point out that Clarke wrote about carbon nanotube technology long before it became a reality

33 What can be inferred about the professor when he says this:重听题

A. He is enjoying an opportunity to make his students laugh.

B. He is disappointed that none of his students thought of this idea themselves.

C. He wants his students to seriously consider an idea they might find surprising.

D. He has spent a great deal of time researching the idea that he is now presenting