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TPO 27

Section 1

Conversation1-In the Library

Narrator

Listen to part of a conversation at the information desk in the library.

Librarian

Hi. Can I help you?

Student

Where do I go, besides the computers, to look for books on New Zealand?

Librarian

OK. You mean you don’t want to use the computer?

Student

Well, I haven’t had any luck on the computers here.

Librarian

OK. I mean the reason I am asking is you pretty much have to go to the computer to find out where a book is. But I can help you find it on the computer if you like.

Student

That would be great. I just spent half an hour and I couldn’t find anything.

Librarian

I know how you feel. When I first started working here, I couldn’t find anything either. So you are looking for information on New Zealand, is that right?

Student

Yes.

Librarian

Is it like travel information that you are looking for?

Student

Uh… No. Actually what I am looking for is information on a volcano in New Zealand.

Librarian

Oh. OK. Because I know a travel agency that specializes in tours in New Zealand and Australia.

Student

Oh. I’d love to go. I heard it’s beautiful.

Librarian

Yeah.

Student

Maybe someday.

Librarian

Yup. OK. Let’s see … OK. If you want to search the library holdings and don’t know the author’s name or the exact title of the book or an article, you have to set up a keyword search. It is a special function. Then you can just type in some keywords and let the computer do the search.

Student

I see.

Librarian

OK. Oh, how about if we search for volcanoes and New Zealand.

Student

Sounds good.

Librarian

It’s for a geology class?

Student

Mhmm.

Librarian

Ha! You must be from Professor Simpson’s class.

Student

No.

Librarian

Oh. Well, he is a volcano expert, so I thought he might be teaching your class.

Student

No, I’ve heard he is really good though.

Librarian

Yeah. That’s what everyone says. Do you know the name of the volcano?

Student

Mount Ruapehu.

Librarian

Can you spell that?

Student

Sure. It is R-U-A-P-E-H-U.

Librarian

OK. Mount Ruapehu. Let’s see. So are you a geology major?

Student

Hem. Hardly.

Librarian

Let me guess, you have to take a science course and you don’t want to have to deal with biology, chemistry or physics.

Student

Exactly. But it’s actually turned out to be a pretty interesting class.

Librarian

Well, that’s good. Um… does it have to be a book? Or could you use a journal article?

Student

Mhmm… no, either one would be fine.

Librarian

OK. Well, here’s a journal article. Let me check to see if we have it. OK. We have the article, but it is from 2001. Is that OK, you think?

Student

Well, I’d like to have a look at it. The focus is really on eruptions in the last five years, but it might have some useful background material.

Librarian

OK. Well, let’s see what else we can find.

Student

Sounds good.

Lecture1-Marine Biology (Coral Reefs)

Narrator

Listen to part of a lecture in a marine biology class.

Professor

So we have been fairly thorough in our discussion about coral reefs, which of course are prominent, oceanic features made of hard limestone skeletons produced by tiny coral animals. We’ve gone over where coral reefs are usually formed – along the edges of shallow ocean banks in tropical or subtropical regions, and the fact that they are declining at an alarming rate. But I don’t want to leave you with the impression that all is lost. There are several techniques being employed today that could prove useful in assuring the future of the reefs.

Now, we’ve talked in depth about coral bleaching, or whitening, which as you recall, is a symptom of …well that the coral is suffering. As you know, coral is very sensitive to water temperature. Even though one or two degree Celsius rise in sea surface temperature for a relatively short amount of time can cause bleaching. Recently, researchers have used data collected by monitoring surface water temperatures to improve the ability of a reef to recover from bleaching. One future possibility is that improved monitoring can help predict where and when bleaching will occur, which might potentially enable us to mitigate its effects.

And there’s another technique that’s been experimented with to try to help coral reefs recover from bleaching. It’s called coral transplantation. This involves moving young coral from a healthy reef onto a degraded reef, you know, in an attempt to regenerate the degraded reef by encouraging young healthy coral to take over. There has been some success with this, but it’s still somewhat controversial. Some scientists support it because, well for one thing, it means you don’t have to rely on the existing coral to reestablish itself because it might not be able to. But in my opinion, transplanting coral should only be used as … well as a last resort. I mean, this method is not only costly but it’s … well even if it’s successful, it still fails to address the ongoing problem, the root causes of the degradation, which really is paramount to devising an effective solution. So I don’t really take comfort in the successes they have had with transplantation.

Perhaps some more constructive use of our time could be spent at researching corals that do survive, like in areas known as refugia. Refugia are areas on the reef that are seemingly, well resistant to bleaching. See, when coral reefs experience bleaching, it’s rarely a case of the whole reef being affected. There are almost always pockets of coral on the reefs that remain unaffected. And these are often the lower areas of the reef, those located in deeper water, where temperatures are lower.

Now, we have evidence that corals in these locations are able to escape the destructive bleaching that affects portions of the reef in shallower or warmer water. So in my mind, it’s these refugia that are the key components of overall reef resilience. These should be the area of concentration for researchers to locate and protect those regions as a way to sustain coral reefs.

And we can also protect the reefs by protecting the surrounding ecosystems, like mangrove forests and seagrass beds. Both of these grow in coastal waters, often in the vicinity of coral reefs. By protecting these areas, we also protect the coral. Let’s take, for example, the mangrove forests. Mangrove root systems have the ability to absorb and well trap sediments and pollutants in water that flows through them before they enter the ocean. This of course has beneficial

results for the nearby coral reefs.

And fishery’s management is another key strategy. Overfishing can be seriously disruptive to coral. Let me give you a couple of examples. Overfishing certain species of fish and shellfish like snappers, barracudas and even lobsters. Well all of these creatures feed on snails, worms and other organisms that eat coral. So depleting the number of lobsters, for example, means that we are adding to the threat of coral decline. Sea urchins are another example. They eat algae and prevent it from overwhelming the coral. Since the disappearance of sea urchins from the waters up the coast of South Florida, many coral reefs there have been smothered by the uncontrolled growth of algae.

Lecture2-History of Musical Instruments (Violins)

Narrator

Listen to part of a lecture in a history of musical instruments class.

Professor

So musical instruments evolved in ways that optimize their acoustical properties, how the instrument vibrates and sends those vibration through the air to our eardrums.

Now professional musicians are very particular about their instruments, they want instruments that help them fully express the intent of the composer, which of course translates into a more enjoyable listening experience for the audience members. Yet most audience members probably aren’t even aware of how much the instrument matters. I mean, OK. Think about the last concert you attended. When you applauded, what went through your mind?

Student

I recently heard a violinist who totally blew me away. So when I applauded, I guess I was showing my appreciation for his skill, the hours of practicing he must have put in.

Professor

And his violin?

Student

Didn’t really think about it. It looked exactly like mine, which is inspiring in a way knowing my violin could also produce beautiful tones, that maybe I would sound that good someday.

Professor

I hope you do. But if your violin isn’t as good as his…

Student

You mean he might not sound as good playing my violin?

Professor

As I said, tone quality differs from instrument to instrument. The question is why. Why does one instrument sound more beautiful than another, even if they look identical?

There’s a particularly interesting case with an extraordinary generation of violins made in Northern Italy, in the city

of Cremona, back in the late 1600s - early 1700s. These vintage Cremonese violins are considered the best in the world. But it’s not like the makers of those violins were any more skilled than their modern-day counterparts. They weren’t. Today’s top violin makers can pretty much replicate all the physical attributes of a Cremonese violin. But it’s generally thought that the acoustical quality of modern violins doesn’t live up to the quality of the vintage ones.

Student

So what attributes of the old violins have been replicated?

Professor

Oh, their dimensions, shape, their fingerboard height, uh, general craftsmanship. For a long time, people thought the varnish used to coat and protect the violins was special. But research showed it was the same ordinary varnish used on furniture. However, researchers have discovered that there are something special about the wood the violins were made from. And recently they have been able to replicate that too.

Student

How? Unless the trees that Cremonese used are still alive.

Professor

The trees weren’t replicated, just the wood, specifically the wood’s density. Density is determined by how trees grow. Trees, old trees that don’t grow in the tropics grow seasonally, they grow faster early in the year in the springtime than they do later in the year. So early growth wood is relatively porous. Late growth wood is denser, less porous. And this variation shows up in the trees growth rings. The denser layers are generally darker than the less dense layers. We call this variation the density differential. Variations in wood density affect vibrations, and therefore, sound. When scientists first analyzed the wood of vintage Cremonese violins in compared with the modern violin wood, they calculated the average density and found no difference. Later, other researchers measured the density differential and found a significant difference. Modern violins had a greater variation, a larger differential.

Student

So you mean the density of the wood in the Cremonese violins is, is more uniform?

Professor

Correct.

Student

But Northern Italy isn’t in the tropics.

Professor

No. But climate matters. Turns out the Cremonese violins were made from trees that grew during a Little Ice Age, a period when temperatures across Europe were significantly lower than normal. So the trees grew more evenly throughout the year, making the density differential relatively small.

Student

But you said someone replicated the Cremonese wood.

Professor

The density differential was replicated.

Student

What did they do? Try to simulate an Ice Age climate in their greenhouse and grow some trees in there?

Professor

No, what happened was a material scientist figured out a way to process wood to make it acoustically similar to the Cremonese wood. He basically exposed the wood to a species of fungus, uh, a mushroom. In the forest, fungi are decomposers. They break down dead wood. But this particular fungus nibbles away only at certain layers in the wood, leaving other layers alone. As a result, the density differential of the fungi-treated wood approach that of the Cremonese wood.

Section2

Conversation2-Hydroponics (Chinampas)

Narrator

Listen to part of a conversation between a student and the professor of his history of technology class.

Student

Would it be okay to focus on something related to agriculture?

Professor

Sure, farming technology is fine, as long as it’s pre-modern. But this isn’t a long paper, so are you going to need to pick a specific area of pre-modern agriculture, like irrigation or food crops of ancient Greece.

Student

I am actually interested in hydroponics.

Professor

Hydroponics. Growing plants in water instead of soil.

Student

Well, not in pure water, in water that has the proper mix of nutrients.

Professor

OK. But is it a pre-modern technology? I mean, hydroponics isn’t really my specialty but from the research I have read, we are talking the nineteenth century, maybe the seventeenth century if you really stretch it.

Student

Oh? But the Aztec civilization back in the thirteenth century in basically where Mexico city is today … An article I read said the Aztecs were using hydroponics in something they called … I have got the word right here. Um. Chinampas.

Professor

Chinampas, the so-called floating gardens.

Student

Exactly. So yeah the chinampas, the article said very clearly these floating gardens are proof that the Aztec invented hydroponic farming.

Professor

Well, chinampas are artificial islands built up in shallow lakes. Islands made from packed earth and weeds and uh, material from the bottom of the lake. They may have appeared to be floating in the water, but in fact they reach all the way to the bottom of the lake. So the primary growing medium, what the plants draw nutrients from, is actually soil, not water.

Student

So the article was wrong about that? Too bad, it seems like a great topic, but I guess…

Professor

Wait a minute. Just because chinampas were not technically hydroponic doesn’t mean this couldn’t be an appropriate topic for your paper. Chinampas were still a great technological achievement. I mean, they enabled the Aztecs to grow plenty of food in an area without much available farmland.

Student

But I wondered why the author wrote that chinampas were hydroponic.

Professor

Well it’s pretty common for writers to generalize, say use a term like hydroponics to describe other types of agriculture. Personally, I would never say hydroponic except for plants growing in liquid. The crops on chinampas definitely benefited from the water surrounding them. But… hydroponic…

Student

OK. So I will go with chinampas but leave out with the hydroponics part.

Professor

Actually, there’s an important lesson here. We should pay attention to what happened in history but also how historical events are presented. Why, for example, would writers use a word like hydroponics so casually?

Student

I guess ‘cause it’s a popular topic people want to read about?

Professor

Or to help modern-day readers to understand something historical, maybe these writers think a familiar frame of reference is needed.

Student

Well that article was in a popular magazine, not a scholarly journal for historians.

Professor

OK. But historians sometimes do the same thing.

Student

So I guess then that all historians might not describe chinampas in quite the same way either.

Professor

Good point. Why not look into that too? And include it along with your description and analysis.

Lecture3-Zoology (Sauropods)

Narrator

Listen to part of a lecture in a zoology class.

Professor

Your reading for today touched on dinosaur fossils from the Mesozoic era, which ended about 65 million years ago. Today we will be discussing the sauropods. I think our discussion of sauropods will illustrate what we can learn by comparing the fossil record to modern animals. By fossils, we mean traces of prehistoric animals such as bones, which become mineralized, or impressions of bones or organs that are left in stone.

Now sauropods were among the largest animals to exist ever! They were larger than blue whales, which are the largest animals alive today. They weigh up to one hundred tons, twenty times as much as elephants. Also, they were an extremely successful kind of dinosaur. There’s evidence of sauropods in the fossil record for an unusually long time, over one hundred million years.

So, why were sauropods so successful?

Biologically speaking, sauropods shouldn’t have been successful. Large animals like elephants, say, they require much more food and energy and have fewer offspring than smaller animals. This makes maintaining a population harder. The largest animals today don’t live on land. But in the ocean where food is easier to find, a blue whale, for instance, can eat up to 8,000 pounds of food a day. And they give birth only once every few years. We also know that body heat, that… well, large animals can’t easily get rid of excess body heat. But for an oceangoing whale, that’s not a problem. For a 100-ton land animal, it can be.

For years, we have assumed it was the abundant plant life of the Mesozoic that allowed these giants to thrive. However, we now know that since oxygen levels were much lower in the Mesozoic than we assumed, there was much less plant life for sauropods to eat than we thought.

So now, well, we are looking at other… we are, we are trying to understand the biology of sauropods, comparing their fossils to the anatomy of modern animals to get a better idea of how they lived. What we’ve found is that sauropods were experts at conserving energy. They had enormous stomach capacity, the ability to digest food over a long period, converting it to energy at a slower pace, saving it for later. For animals with small stomachs, it takes lots of energy to constantly look for food and then digest it. With larger stomachs and slower digestion, you don’t need as much energy. Joseph?

Student

Does… do scientists actually know about sauropods from looking at… I mean, how much can we actually learn looking at some ancient bones compared to all we can learn from modern animals? And, comparisons between animals that lived millions of years apart? well, it just seems… more like guessing.

Professor

There’s always some guesswork when studying extinct animals. But that’s exactly what leads to discoveries, a hypothesis, a type of guess is made. We guess the hypothesis by looking for evidence to support it. Then some questions are answered, which may lead to new questions. For example, let’s look at one of these comparisons.

We know sauropods couldn’t chew food. Their skulls show they had no chewing muscles. Lots of modern animals, like birds and reptiles, also can’t chew food. They need to swallow it whole. But modern animals have an interesting aid for digesting food. They swallow stones, stones that are used to help grind up the food before it’s actually digested in the stomach. These stones are called gastroliths. Gastroliths make food easier to digest, essentially smashing food up, just as we do when we chew. Over time, gastroliths inside the animal are ground down and become smooth and rounded.

Now, sauropod fossils are commonly found with smooth stones. For years we thought these were gastroliths. They look just like gastroliths and were found in the area of the sauropods’ stomachs. A recent study measured the gastroliths in modern animals, in ostriches. And the study showed that ostriches need to ingest about one percent of their total body weight in gastroliths. But we have been able to determine that the stones found with sauropods totaled much less proportionally, less than a tenth of one percent of their body weight.

So now we are not quite sure what these sauropods’ stones were used for. It could be they were accidently ingested as the sauropods foraged for food, that they served no real purpose. Other researchers speculate that sauropods ingested these stones as a source of some the minerals they needed, such as calcium.

So the original hypothesis that the stones found with sauropods were gastroliths, even though it hasn’t been supported, has helped us to make new hypotheses, which may eventually lead to the answer.

Lecture4-Studio Art (Primary Colors)

Narrator

Listen to part of a lecture in a studio art class.

Professor

OK. As you probably know, primary colors are, theoretically speaking, the basic colors from which all other colors can be made. But as you’ll find out when you start working on your painting projects, the three primary colors – red, blue, yellow – don’t always make the best secondary colors. Combining red and blue, you will probably never get a fantastic violet. To get a nice violet, you’ll have to add white. Combining yellow and blue, you will almost never get a satisfactory green. You are better off using a pure green pigment.

The idea of primary colors, and specifically the idea of red, yellow and blue being THE primary colors, didn’t exist until about 200 years ago. Until then, the dominant theory about color was one that had been proposed by Isaac Newton. Newton gave a scientific and objective explanation of colors. He used a prism to break white light down into the various colors of the spectrum. And he theorized, rightly so, that different colors are essentially different wavelengths of light. But he made no mention of primary colors. That idea came from, or was at least published by a man named Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

Goethe was a well-known author. He wrote many famous novels, plays, poems. So why did he start thinking about colors?

Well Goethe was part of the Romantic Movement in western literature. And he was a Romantic, through and through, meaning that he explained objects and phenomena in terms of the spiritual, emotional impact they had, as opposed to explaining them in terms of their scientific nature. He rejected an objective understanding of color, in favor of a more subjective understanding. He believed that when we see color, it stimulates our emotions. And different colors appeal to or inspire different emotions in different people.

Student

That sounds like psychology.

Professor

Well, color theory is used in psychology too. Some psychologists do use their field’s version of color theory to diagnose and treat patients. Um… anyway, Goethe conducted a number of experiments trying to figure out which colors corresponded to which emotions. And in terms of that goal, he wasn’t very successful. But his experiments actually did show a lot about the relationships between colors themselves, about how colors change when placed next to other colors, about how they interact with one another. Scientists studying optics and chromatics today still marvel at his findings. But Goethe wasn’t really able to establish a clear connection between colors and emotions.

Then in 1806, he received a letter from a relatively unknown German artist, a painter named Philipp Otto Runge. In the letter, Runge outlined his own color theory, specifically the connections he made between colors and emotions. And his ideas about what colors symbolize, about the emotions that different colors inspire were based on the colors red, yellow and blue. Runge’s choice of red, yellow and blue had nothing to do with what we know from modern-day chromatics, it had to do with Runge’s complex system of symbolism, his experience of nature, particularly with his experience of the quality of light at various times of the day, morning, noon and night. So each color had a specific symbolic value.

Well, four years later, Goethe published a book entitled Color Lesson. In Color Lesson, Goethe COINCIDENTLY cites the same colors as primary colors. At this point, Goethe was already a well-known author, so he was easily able to popularize this idea of primary colors, and specifically the idea of red, yellow and blue as THE primary colors.

Student

But he didn’t mention Runge?

Professor

Well, he did put Runge’s letter in the book, at the end. But he added a disclaimer implying that Runge’s letter didn’t influence his work. Apparently, what Goethe was saying was that they just HAPPENED TO come up with the same theory at the same time.

TPO 27听力题目文本

Section 1

Conversation 1

1 What does the woman go to the information desk?

A. She does not know where the library computers are located.

B. She does not know how to use a computer to locate the information she needs.

C. She does not have time to wait until a library computer becomes available.

D. The book she is looking for was missing from the library shelf.

2 Why does the man assume that the woman is in professor Simpson’s class?

A. The man recently saw the woman talking with Professor Simpson.

B. The woman mentioned Professor Simpson’s name.

C. The woman is carrying the textbook used in Professor Simpson’s class.

D. The woman is researching a subject that Professor Simpson specializes in.

3 What can be inferred about the geology courses the woman is talking?

A. It has led the woman to choose geology as her major course of study.

B. It is difficult to follow without a background in chemistry and physics.

C. The woman thinks it is easier than other science courses.

D. The woman thinks the course is boring.

4 What topic does the woman need information on?

A. The recent activity of a volcano in New Zealand.

B. Various types of volcanoes found in New Zealand.

C. All volcanoes in New Zealand that are still active.

D. How people in New Zealand have prepared for volcanic eruptions.

5 What does the man imply about the article when he says this:

A. It may not contain enough background material.

B. It is part of a series of articles.

C. It might be too old to be useful.

D. It is the most recent article published on the subjects.

Lecture 1

6 What is the lecture mainly about?

A. The transplantation of young coral to new reef sites.

B. Efforts to improve the chances of survival of coral reefs.

C. The effects of temperature change on coral reefs.

D. Confirming the reasons behind the decline of coral reefs.

7 According to the professor, how might researches predict the onset of coral bleaching in the future?

A. By monitoring populations of coral predators.

B. By monitoring bleach-resistant coral species.

C. By monitoring sea surface temperatures.

D. By monitoring degraded reefs that have recovered.

8 What is the professor’s opinion about coral transplantation?

A. It is cost-effective.

B. It is long-term solution.

C. It is producing encouraging results.

D. It does not solve the underlying problems.

9 Why does the professor discuss refugia? Click on 2 answers.

A. To explain that the location of coral within a reef affects the coral’s ability to survive.

B. To point out why some coral species are more susceptible to bleaching than others.

C. To suggest that bleaching is not as detrimental to coral health as first thought.

D. To illustrate the importance of studying coral that has a low vulnerability to bleaching.

10 What does the professor imply about the impact of mangrove forests on coral-reef ecosystems?

A. Mangrove forests provide habitat for wildlife that feed on coral predators.

B. Mangrove forests improve the water quality of nearby reefs.

C. Mangrove forests can produce sediments that pollute coral habitats.

D. Mangrove forests compete with nearby coral reefs for certain nutrients.

11 According to the professor, what effect do lobsters and sea urchin have on a coral reef?

A. They protect a reef by feeding on destructive organism.

B. They harm a reef by taking away important nutrients.

C. They filter pollutants from water around a reef.

D. They prevent a reef from growing by preying on young corals.

Lecture 2

12. What does the professor mainly discuss?

A. Some special techniques used by the makers of vintage Cremonese violins.

B. How the acoustical quality of the violin was improved over time.

C. Factors that may be responsible for the beautiful tone of Cremonese violins.

D. Some criteria that professional violinists use when selecting their instruments.

13 What does the professor imply about the best modern violin makes?

A. They are unable to recreate the high quality varnish used by Cremonese violins makers.

B. Their craftsmanship is comparable to that of the Cremonese violins makers.

C. They use wood from the same trees that were used to make the Cremonese violins.

D. Many of them also compose music for the violin.

14 Why does the professor discuss the growth cycle of tree?

A. To clarify how modern violin makes select wood.

B. To highlight a similarity between vintage and modern violins.

C. To explain why tropical wood cannot be used to make violins.

D. To explain what causes variations in density in a piece of wood.

15 What factor accounts for the particular density differential of the wood used in the Cremonese violins?

A. The trees that produced the wood were harvested in spring.

B. The trees that produced the wood grew in an unusually cool climate.

C. The wood was allowed to partially decay before being made into violins.

D. The wood was coated with a local varnish before it was crafted into violins.

16 The professor describes an experiment in which wood was exposed to a fungus before being made into a violin. What point

does the professor make about the fungus?

A. It decomposes only certain parts of the wood.

B. It was found only in the forests of northern Italy.

C. It was recently discovered in a vintage Cremonese violin.

D. It decomposes only certain species of trees.

17 Why does the professor say this:

A. To find out how much exposure students have had to live classical music.

B. To use student experiences to support his point about audience members.

C. To indicated that instruments are harder to master than audience members realize.

D. To make a point about the beauty of violin music.

Section 2

Conversation 2

18 Why has the student come to see the professor?

A. To find out her reaction to a paper he recently submitted.

B. To point out a factual error in an article the class was assigned to read.

C. To ask about the suitability of a topic he wants to write about.

D. To ask about the difference between chinampas and hydroponics.

19 What does the professor imply about hydroponics?

A. It was probably invented by the Aztecs.

B. It is a relatively modern development in agriculture.

C. It requires soil that is rich in nutrients.

D. It is most successful when extremely pure water is used.

20 Why does the professor describe how chinampas were made?

A. To emphasize that the topic selected for a paper needs to be more specific.

B. To encourage the student to do more research.

C. To point out how much labor was required to build chinampas.

D. To explain why crops grown on chinampas should not be considered hydroponic.

21 What does the professor think about the article the students mentions?

A. She is convinced that it is not completely accurate.

B. She believes it was written for readers with scientific backgrounds.

C. She thinks it is probably too short to be useful to the student.

D. She has no opinion about it, because she has not read it.

22 What additional information does the professor suggest that the student include in his paper?

A. A comparison of traditional and modern farming technologies.

B. Charges in the designs of chinampas over time.

C. Differences in how various historians have described chinampas.

D. Reasons why chinampas are often overlooked in history books.

Lecture 3

23 What does the professor mainly discuss?

A. Comparisons between land animals and ocean-going animals of the Mesozoic era.

B. Comparisons between sauropods and modern animals.

C. Possible reasons why sauropods became extinct.

D. New theories about the climate of the Mesozoic.

24 What point does the professor make when she compares blues whales to large land animals?

A. Like large land animals, blue whales have many offspring.

B. Like large land animals, blue whales have proportionally small stomachs.

C. The land environment provides a wider variety of food sources than the ocean.

D. The ocean environment reduces some of the problems faced by large animals.

25 According to the professor, what recent finding about the Mesozoic era challenges an earlier belief?

A. Sauropod populations in the Mesozoic era were smaller than previously believed.

B. Oxygen levels in the Mesozoic era were higher than previously believed.

C. Ocean levels in the Mesozoic era fluctuated more than previously believed.

D. Plant life in the Mesozoic era was less abundant than previously believed.

26 Compared to small animals, what disadvantages do large animals typically have? Click on 2 answers.

A. Large animals require more food.

B. Large animals have fewer offspring.

C. Large animals use relatively more energy in digesting their food.

D. Large animals have greater difficulty staying warm.

27 Why does the professor discuss gastroliths that have been found with sauropod fossils?

A. To show that much research about extinct animals has relied on flawed methods.

B. To show that even an incorrect guess can lead to useful research.

C. To give an example of how fossils discoveries have cast doubt on beliefs about modern animals.

D. To give an example of a discovery made possible by recent advance in technology.

28 What did researchers conclude from their study of sauropods and gastroliths?

A. That gastroliths probably helped sauropods to store large quantities of plant material in their stomachs.

B. That sauropods probably used gastroliths to conserve energy.

C. That sauropods may not have used gastroliths to aid their digestion.

D. That sauropods probably did not ingest any stones.

Lecture 4

29 What is the lecture mainly about?

A. Various ways color theory is used in different fields.

B. Various ways artists can use primary colors.

C. Aspects of color theory that are subject of current research.

D. The development of the first thery of primaru colors.

30 What does the professor imply about the usefulness of the theory of primary colors?

A. It is not very useful to artists.

B. It has been very useful to scientists.

C. It is more useful to artists than to psychologist.

D. It is more useful to modern-day artists than to artists in the past.

31 Why does the professor mention Isaac Newton?

A. To show the similarities between early ideas in art and early ideas in science.

B. To explain why mixing primary colors does not produce satisfactory secondary colors.

C. To provide background information for the theory of primary colors.

D. To point out the first person to propose a theory of primary colors.

32 According to the professor, what were the results of Goethe’s experiments with color? Click on 2 answers.

A. The experiments failed to a connection between colors and emotions.

B. The experiments showed useful connections between color and light.

C. The experiments provided valuable information about the relationships between colors.

D. The experiments were not useful until modern psychologists reinterpreted them.

33 According to the professor, why did Runge choose the colors red, yellow, and blues as the three primary colors?

A. He felt they represented natural light at different times of the day.

B. He noticed that they were the favorite colors of Romantic painters.

C. He performed several scientific experiments that suggested those colors.

D. He read a book by Goethe and agreed with Goethe’s choices of colors.

34 What does the professor imply when he says this:

A. Many people have proposed theories about primary colors.

B. Goethe discovered the primary colors by accident.

C. Goethe probably developed the primary color theory before reading Runge’s letter.

D. Goethe may have been influenced by Runge’s ideas about primary colors.