新航道2018年4月21日托福考试机经完整版

每场托福考试结束后，时间推送本场考试的考题回忆和详细解析。带你了解的考题详情，帮助小伙伴们更好的备战托福，祝宝宝们早日和托福分手!!

考试回忆在此，

看看都考了些什么吧!

Listening

Conversation 1

Topic选课

Content

女生想选一门必修课，但选课系统关闭了，建议她去department找教授，但教授没在，又说可以找assiatant,意思就是不管怎么都能选上。

Conversation 2

Topic论文

Content

教授说男生关于climate change的topic不好，因为是太近的数据，而且基于自己的speculation,不可靠。中间有fresh water被saltwater 取代的例子。最后教授建议使用10000年前的climate的数据，男生觉得时间太久远了(有考题)。

Conversation 3

Topic论文

Content

讲述了女生的 group work要在学校 hall的玻璃上paint mural，但是有个notice说要renovate， 教授建议可以在wooden panel上画， 中间还提到了一个术语，这种方法用来产生illusion，使看到的 not real.

Conversation 4

Topic论文

Content

教授觉得学生写的关于生态系统的论文不合适， 因为那些结果没有确切的结论，还有学生说的marsh in Florida也不合适。建议学生ice age, 虽然生在一万年前，但是已经有确切的研究和结论，并且对现在的影响也可以看到。

Lecture 1

Topic考古学

Content

在一个干旱desert的人，次太干旱的时候，他们就离开了，有降水后又回来了，有河流旁的tool作为证据。第二次又再次干旱的时候，他们就留下来了，然后利用地下水。教授说像 nomadic people(有考题)

Lecture 2

Topic化学

Content

是讲氮气占大气70%，但是氮气分子的两个原子在一起，共价键不好断，导致氮元素不好得，土里有种bacteria可以做到这个，所有植物可以从土壤里面吸收，后来人工制氮发明了，就可以人为合成。

Lecture 3

Topic生物

Content

非本地物种对这个地方的物种的影响可能是好的。比如toad，成年有毒，幼体无毒。吃他的predator就变小了。跟它相似的本地青蛙的数量却没有减少，还介绍了一种外来物种， 本地蝴蝶在它上面产卵，蝴蝶的数量也增加了。

Lecture 4

Topic艺术

Content

介绍了一个艺术家。经常去不同的地方旅游，然后喜欢用不同的材料来做雕塑。还有用纸做的东西，可以在家使用的艺术。最后结合狭窄的stage来体现他的艺术创作之类的。

Lecture 5

Topic天文学

Content

讲了一个木星的卫星，有许多活火山，还讲了tidal force，讲了木星和另外两个卫星的轨道不是圆的，not regular, 还说了heat来自rock interior activity.

Lecture 6

Topic经济

Content

讲了business三种服务，种是相同的company，相同的server。第二种相同的company，不同的server。第三种Pseud service， one-time service,举例修电视。

Lecture7

Topic艺术

Content

一个艺术家也是雕塑家，喜欢到处旅游，观点丰富，教授还说那个年代环球旅行很困难，然后说他做的铝雕像和lantern，然后一个学生文lantern是不是属于艺术范畴，还有她自己的经历，在一个plaza的温泉，来咨询教授的观点。最后这个艺术家和一个人在stage的合作，有什么constrained space。

 Speaking

Task 1

Topic

你的朋友高红毕业直接去工作，十年后决定重回大学，他会面对的挑战有哪些?

Your friend went straight to work after high school and skipped university. But now ten years later, he decides to go to university. Please talk about at least one challenge he will face when he goes to university at an elder age.

Task 2

Topic

同意不同意?当别人说话的时候打断别人是不可接受的。

Do you agree or disagree ?It’s never acceptable to interrupt other people when they are taking

Task 3

Reading

阅读：close train station

理由1、few passengers use the station

理由2、把train station建成café等给学生学习

Listening

不赞成(a pity)

理由1 not a lot of people use it, many drive; 但是，still someone use ，学生老师 commute to campus; 同时vacation时，学生会从这个station到其他main station, if close掉，students have to take cab。

理由2、 学生不需要额外的study place. 已经有很多靠近dorm和classroom building的地方了，举例说有24小时开放的，book store里面的café, 都很安静。 问题是现在很多同学不知道这些地方的存在，学校应该宣传告诉学生这些地方。

Task 4

Definition

学术术语是cultural preadaptation 定义为when people migrate, they can use skills they’ve developed in   previous environment to adapt to new environment.

Examples

曾经住在southern Russia的farmer， 后来来到north America。 这两个地方有similar climate—dry。 所以对于farming来讲是个challenge。 但是，本来在Russia的时候这些farmer已经有dry land technique. 他们知道该怎么种，该种什么，所以到了北美后他们用了同样的farming technique，结果很成功，population flourish了

Task 5

Problem

vacation的时候学校repaint了dorm hall, 所以现在有smell of paint in the air. 而男生sensitive to the smell。 他会有headache。

Solutions

个，switch dorm

优点1：可以换，领导同意

缺点1 一换就得a whole semester, 他只想换couple of weeks. 因为old roommates等都在原来dorm

第二个：去住校外uncle的apartment

缺点：他没车，也没bus line. 只能走，来回一天一小时

Task 6

Topic

问法-只说让我们summarize the lecture, 无多余信息)

Content

(例子1：eagle。

遇到强风时，会收回wing，press tightly for 0.5s, 然后再stretch开来

例子2：hummingbird.

遇到强风，但是还需要fly and eat nectar from flower, hummingbird 会move tail back and forth

来keep in position; avoid being blown out of the wind.

    Reading

Passage 1

TopicSumerian Contribution(重复机经2014.5.24-2014.12.28-)

Content Review

Paragraph 1： B efore about 4500 B.C., lower Mesopotamia, the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers just north of the Persian Gulf, was much less densely populated than other inhabited regions of the Near and Middle East. Its marshy soil, subject to annual inundations floods from the rivers, was not suited to the primitive hoe culture of early agriculture, in which land was cultivated without domestic animals or beasts. Moreover, the land was virtually treeless and lacked building stone and mineral resources. During the next thousand years, however, this unpromising area became the seat of Sumer, the first great civilization known to history, with large concentrations of people, bustling cities, monumental architecture, and a wealth of religious, artistic, and literary traditions that influenced other ancient civilizations for thousands of years. The exact sequence of events that led to this culmination is unknown, but it is clear that the economic basis of this first civilization lay in its highly productive agriculture.

Paragraph 2: The natural fertility of the rich black soil was renewed annually by the silt left from the spring floods of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Harnessing its full productive power, however, required an elaborate system of drainage and irrigation, which in turn required a large and well-disciplined workforce as well as skilled management and supervision. The latter were supplied by a class of priests and warriors who ruled a large population of peasants and artisans. Through taxation and other means the rulers extracted wealth from the population and then used it to construct temples and other public buildings and to create works of art. That gave them or some of them the leisure to perfect the other refinements of civilization.

Passage 2

TopicStone Tools and Pottery Fragments(重复机经2014.11.19)

Content Review

Aside from ancient buildings, in sheer bulk the largest part of the archaeological record is made up of stone tools and pottery fragments (shards). Stone tools are the earliest known artifacts, having been first used more than two million years ago, and they have remained in use to the present day. When a chunk of fine-grain stone is struck with sufficient force at the proper angle with another rock or with a wood or bone baton, a shock wave will pass through the stone and detach a flake of the desired size and shape. In analyzing ancient stone tools, many archaeologists have mastered the skills needed to make stone tools themselves. Few things are sharper than a fragment struck from fine-grain flint or from obsidian (volcanic glass). Obsidian is so fine grained that flakes of it can have edges only about twenty molecules thick—hundreds of times thinner than steel tools.

Through experimentation, some archaeologists are able to produce copies of almost every stone tool type used in antiquity. A common research strategy is to make flint tools, use them to cut up meat, saw wood, clean hides, bore holes, etc, and then compare the resulting wear traces with the marks found on ancient artifacts. Sometimes electron-scanning microscopes are used to study minute variations in these use marks. Some rough correspondence can be found between the types of uses and the characteristics of wear marks, but there are many ambiguities.

Passage 3

TopicThe Origins of plant animal domestication(重复机经2015.1.25)

Content Review

Paragraph 1: The emergence of plant and animal domestication represented a monumental change in the ways that humans interacted with Earth’s resources: the rate at which Earth’s surface was modified and the rates of human population growth. The development of agriculture was accompanied by fundamental changes in the organization on human society: disparities in wealth, hierarchies of power, and urbanization.

Paragraph 2: Phrases like “plant and animal domestication” and “the invention of agriculture” create the impression that humans made the transition to cultivating plants and tending animals rather abruptly, maybe with a flash of insight. Most scholars don’t think so. It seems more likely that humans used and manipulated wild plants and animals for many hundreds of thousands of years. The transition to gardens, fields, and pastures was probably gradual, the natural outgrowth of a long familiarity with the environmental requirements, growth cycles, and reproductive mechanisms of whatever plants and animals humans liked to eat, ride, or wear.

Passage 4

TopicThe plow and the horse in medieval Europe

Content Review

Paragraph 1: One of the most important factors driving Europe’s slow emergence from the economic stagnation of the Early Middle Ages (circa 500-1000 B.C.E.) was the improvement of agricultural technology. One innovation was a new plow, with a curved attachment (moldboard) to turn over wet, heavy soils, and a knife (or coulter) in front of the blade to allow a deeper and easier cut. This more complex plow replaced the simpler “scratch” plow that merely made a shallow, straight furrow in the ground. In the lands around the Mediterranean, with light rains and mild winters, this had been fine, but in the wetter terrain north and west of the Danube and the Alps, such a plow left much to be desired, and it is to be wondered if it was used at all. Cleared lands would more likely have been worked by hand tilling, with little direct help from animals, and the vast forests natural to Northern Europe remained either untouched, or perhaps cleared in small sections by fire, and the land probably used only so long as the ash-enriched soil yielded good crops and then abandoned for some other similarly cleared field. Such a pattern of agriculture and settlement was no basis for sustained cultural or economic life.

1. The word “stagnation” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. instability

B. lack of growth

C. dependence on others

D. decline

2. According to paragraph 1, what was the main advantage of the new plow over the scratch plow?

A. The new plow created straighter rows.

B. The new plow was easier for animals to pull.

C. The new plow could dig deeper into the soil.

D. The new plow was easier to make

Passage 5

TopicThe Farming and Pastorium in Africa

Content Review

段，人们主要靠hunting和gathering维生，stone age开始人们开始planting, domesticating animals

第二段，在农业方面，人们最开始只是去保护一些野生植物，只有当人们开 始种植一些适应能力强的植物，真正的种植才开始。畜养动物也是一样，人们最开始保护一些野生动物，后来开始真正驯养

第三段，种植使得人们的生活更加稳定，种植后的作物也可以提供额外的食物，可以供养孩子，另外孩子多劳动力也就多了

第四段，生活稳定后，人们就会建造更多固定的住所，比如会造石屋。这使得工具种类越来越多，也衍生出来一些不参与到农业中的职业，比如牧师。另外人们还制造出来各种pottery，对目前的考古学相当重要

第五段，农业的改变产生了比较重大的社会影响。社群中人们需要更好的合作协调

第六段，农业发展也带来的不好的方面，使得贫富差距更加大，那些控制生产的人更加富有

第七段，农业发展不仅对农业有好处对于herding也有好处。牛可以产牛奶，自然灾害时还可以作为肉吃，而且迁徙过程中，动物还可以carry things around

词汇题：

1，implication=consequently

2.perpetually=constantly

3，suitably=adequately

4.remnant=remain

Passage 6

TopicIndustrial Revolution In Britain

Content Review

工业革命率先在英国发生，因为森林被开垦成farm了，coal更便宜大家都开始用coal取暖。然后英国开始出口，然后coal在地表的用完了，挖煤不容易，因为有groundwater什么的，为了开采发明了一个机器(蒸汽机的前身)，好像讲了好处在glass制造方面等等，还说了蒸汽机一开始很浪费被瓦特改进以后很大程度上推动纺织业发展，spin wheel转的快了，loom也不用人了。

    Writing

Task 1

Topic：电视药品广告

Reading

观点：批评在电视上给药打广告

1. 无法让人们form an objective view of the medicine。

2. 广告使消费者misuse被宣传的药物，消费者会去找doctor开这种实际上他们不需要的药。

3. 政府虽然已经对药品广告有了一定的规范，但这是不够的。认为政府应该对广告有更多的control因为现在的rule不够，保护消费者利益。

Listening

观点：反驳

1. 教授说人们看了广告之后可以自己上 网调查并且和doctor讨论，最后form a good idea.

2. 不一定会导致消费者misuse药物，比如有一种nicotin patches药物帮助戒烟，做了广告帮助了人们戒烟，效果正能量max。

3. 广告有问题的话政府会收到，complaints然后惩罚违反规则的公司，比如可以罚款。

Task 2

Topic (同不同意题型 重复2015年6月14日)

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:

It is difficult for teachers to be both popular(well-liked) and effective to help students learning

Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.