托福阅读常考话题及练习题推荐二：动物行为变化（3）

1托福阅读常考话题-工业革命练习题

Paragraph 6: The key factor in the success of these countries along with high literacy, which contributed to it was their ability to adapt to the international division of labor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas of specialization in international markets for which they were especially well suited. This meant a great dependence on international commerce, which had notorious fluctuations; but it also meant high returns to those factors of production that were fortunate enough to be well placed in times of prosperity. In Sweden exports accounted for 18 percent of the national income in 1870, and in 1913, 22 percent of a much larger national income. In the early twentieth century, Denmark exported 63 percent of its agricultural production: butter, pork products, and eggs. It exported 80 percent of its butter, almost all to Great Britain, where it accounted for 40 percent of British butter imports.

10.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. The early industrializes controlled most of the international economy, leaving these countries to stake out new areas of specialization along the margins.

B. Aided by their high literacy rates these countries were able to claim key areas of specialization within established international markets.

C. High literacy rates enabled these countries to take over international markets and adapt the international division of labor to suit their strengths.

D. The international division of labor established by the early industrializers was suited to these countries, a key factor in their success.

11.According to paragraph 6, a major problem with depending heavily on international markets was that they

A. lacked stability

B. were not well suited to agricultural products

C. were largely controlled by the early industrializers

D. led to slower growth of local industries

12.According to paragraph 6, what advantage could a country gain from being heavily involved in international commerce?

A. A steadily rising national income

B. Greater control over market fluctuations

C. High returns when things went well

D. A reduced need for imports

While some European countries, such as England and Germany, began to industrialize in the eighteenth century, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden developed later. [■] All four of these countries lagged considerably behind in the early nineteenth century. [■]However, they industrialized rapidly in the second half of the century, especially in the last two or three decades. [■]In view of their later start and their lack of coal—undoubtedly the main reason they were not among the early industrializers—it is important to understand the sources of their success. [■]

13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence be added to passage. Where would the sentence best fit?

During this period, Sweden had the highest rate of growth of output per capita of any country in Europe, and Denmark was second.

14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THERR answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Although the Netherlands and Scandinavia began to industrialize relatively late, they did so very successfully.

Answer Choices

A.Although these countries all started with small, uneducated populations, industrialization led to significant population growth and higher literacy rates.

B.Because they all started with good harbors for steamships, these countries started with an important advantage in the competition for transit trade.

C.These countries were successful primarily because their high literacy rates helped them fill specialized market niches.

D.Thanks to their ready access to the sea, these countries enjoyed advantages in mercantile shipping, fishing, and shipbuilding.

E.These countries were helped by the fact that their governments were relatively stable and honest and generally supported liberal trade policies.

F.Because they were never fully dependent on international commerce, these countries were able to survive notorious fluctuations in international markets.