2017年3月18日雅思考试阅读机经真题答案回忆【新航道版】
上海新航道雅思培训班 小编为大家整理了2017年3月18日雅思考试阅读机经真题答案回忆，每次考试后新航道雅思 小编会在1-2天内更新托福机经回忆
Reading
Passage 1
Topic
Designs from Nature
Content Review
Designs from Nature
Biomimetics
Biomimetics- -applying designs from nature to solve problems in engineering, materials science, medicine, and other fields. For all the power of the biomimetics paradigm, and the biliant people who practice it, bio-inspiration has led to surprisingly few mass-produced products and arguably only one household word- Velcro, which was invented in 1948 by Swiss chemist George de Mestral, by copying the way cockleburs clung to his dog's coat.
In addition to Cutkosky's lab, five other high-powered research teams are currently trying to mimic gecko adhesion, and so far none has come close to matching the lizard's strong,
directional, self-cleaning gnip. Likewise, scientists have yet to meaningfully re-create the abalone nanostructure that accounts for the strength of its shell, and several well-funded
biotech companies have gone bankrupt trying to make artificial spider silk. Why?
Some biomimeticists blame industry, whose shot.term expectations about how soon a project should be completed and become profitable clash with the time- consuming nature of biomimetics research. Others lament the difficulty in coordinating joint work among diverse academic and industrial disciplines, which is required to understand natural structures and mimic what they do. But the main reason biomimetics hasn't yet come of age is that from an engineering standpoint, nature is famously, fabulously, wantonly complex.
A mechanical geckd|
Nonetheless the gap with nature is gradually closing. Ever since the fifth century B.C.when Aristotle marveled at how a gecko "can run up and down a tree in any way, even with the head downward, people have wondered how the lizard manages its gravity-defying locomotion. Two years ago Stanford University roboticist Mark Cutkosky set out to solve this age -old conundrum, with a gecko-inspired climber that he christened Stickybot
In reality, gecko feet aren't sticky- -they're dry and smooth to the touch- and owe their remarkable adhesion to some two bllion spatula-tipped filaments per square centimeter on their toe pads, each filament only a hundred nanometers thick. These filaments are so small, in fact, that they interact at the molecular level with the surface on which the gecko walks, tapping into the low-level van der Waals forces generated by molecules' fleeting positive and negative charges, which pull any two adjacent objects together. To make the toe pads for Stickybot, Cutkosky and doctoral student Sangbae Kim, the robot's lead designer, produced a urethane fabric with tiny bristles that end in 30-micrometer points.
Though not as flexible or adherent as the gecko itself, they hold the 500-gram robot on a vertical surface.
Gecko adhesion and movements
But adhesion, Cutkosky found, is only part of the gecko's game. In order to move swiftly- -and geckos can scamper up a vertical surface at one meter per second- its feet must also unstick effortlessly and instantly. To understand how the lizard does this, Cutkosky sought the aid of biologists Bob Full, an expert in animal locomotion, and Kellar Autumn, probably the world's foremost authority on gecko adhesion. Through painstaking anatomical studies, force tests on individual gecko hairlets, and slow-motion analysis of lizards running on vertical treadmills, Full and Autumn discovered that gecko adhesion is highly directional: Its toes stick only when dragged downward, and they release when the direction of pull is reversed. Nothing more complex.
With this in mind, Cutkosky endowed his robot with seven-segmented toes that drag and release just like the lizard's, and a gecko-like stride that snugs it to the wall. He also crafted Stickybot's legs and feet with a process he calls shape deposition manufacturing (SDM), which combines a range of metals, polymers, and fabrics to create the same smooth gradation from stiff to flexible that is present in the lizard's limbs and absent in most man-made materials. SDM also allows him to embed actuators, sensors, and other specialized structures that make Stickybot climb better. Then he noticed in a paper on gecko anatomy that the lizard had branching tendons to distribute its weight evenly across the entire surface of its toes. Eureka. When I saw that, I thought, Wow, that's great!" He subsequently embedded a branching polyester cloth tendon" in his robot's limbs to distribute its load in the same way.
Real-world applications
Stickybot now walks up vertical surfaces of glass, plastic, and glazed ceramic tile, though it will be some time before it can keep up with a gecko. For the moment it can walk only on
smooth surfaces, at a mere four centimeters per second, a fraction of the speed of its biological role model. The dry adhesive on Stickybot's toes can't self-clean like the lizard's
either, so it rapidly clogs with dirt.' There are a lot of things about the gecko that we simply had to ignore," Cutkosky says. Still, a number of real-world applications are in the offing.
The Department of Defense's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which funds the project, has it in mind for surveillance. an automaton that could slink up a building and perch there for hours or days, monitoring the terrain below. Cutkosky hypothesizes a range of civilian uses. "I'm trying to get robots to go places where they've never gone before," he told me. "I would like to see Stickybot have a real-world fundion, whether it's a toy or another application. Sure, it would be great if it eventually has a lifesaving role...”
Questions & Answers
Questions 1-7
1. Biomimetics is the science of adapting natural occuring structures for humanuse. T
2. Velcro was common in use because it was based on the real applications of natural designs. NG
3. Industrial proft motive has led to an increase in the number of applications of natural designs. F
4. The geckos' toes are tough and glue-like. F
5. Aristotle tried unsuccesstully to build an artificial gecko. NG
6. The hairs on a gecko's toes stick to the surface. T
7. When a gecko's toes are downward, they release adhesive chemicals to help them stick to the walls. F
Questions & Answers
Questions 1-7
1. Biomimetics is the science of adapting natural occuring structures for human use. T
2. Velcro was common in use because it was based on the real applications of natural designs. NG
3. Industrial proft motive has led to an increase in the number of applications of natural designs.
4. The geckos' toes are tough and glue-like. F
5. Aristotle tried unsuccessfully to build an artificial gecko. NG
6. The hairs on a gecko's toes stick to the surface. T
7. When a gecko's toes are downward, they release adhesive chemicals to help them stick to the walls. F
Questions 8-10
Questions 11-13
11. What are Stickybots' toes unable to do? self-clean
12. What important application has the DARPA identifed? surveillance
13. What real fundtion would Cutkosky prefer the Stickybot to have? A lifesaving role
Passage 2
Topic
Mrs. Caril and carbolic smoke ball
Content Review
P1 The influenza pandemic may have first come from Russia, but people are not sure as to what caused this.
P2 The impact of this epidemic was severe, take London for example, postal services came to a halt, buses stopped running, and banks were closed because of this disease.
P3 The theory that there was a link between infuenza and microorganism was gaining ground, though people couldn't identify which microorganism was responsible for this.Some believed miasmas caused flu.
P4 Doctors prescribed drugs to ease some symptoms, but these medicines couldn't cure the flu. Some companies selling patent medicines launched outrageous advertisements to compete for customers, one of the many was the Carbolic Smoke Ball company.
P5 The Carbolic Smoke Ball was mainly made of rubber, a metal nozzle connected a covering made of gauze to the rubber ball, when the ball was squeezed, patients could inhale the carbolic acid powder.
P6 To exploit the flu panic, the company made extravagant advertisements, claiming that their products could cure colds coughs and if patients developed flu after having used the
ball, the company would give a 100 pounds refund
P7 Mrs. Louisa saw the advertisements and used it but still caught flul.
P8 Mrs. Louisa's husband wrote a letter complaining that his wife fllowved every instructionof the product and still had the flu, so they wanted their money back.
P9 There was no reply. After some time, Mrs. Louisa recovered and sued the company. Judge Hawkins said advertisements wasn't aimed at the wise and thoughtful, but the weak and credulous.
P10 The company appealed, Lord justice Bowen thought the question wasn't whether the| cure was useless or whether the company committed fraud, but was whether advertisements constituted contracts, he also said contracts could be one -sided. Since Mrs. Louisa accepted the offer, the company should also be bound by the contract.
P11 Mrs. Louisa received her refund of 100 pounds and the case is often cited in courts these days because it established the principle of unilateral contract.
Questions & Answers
Questions 14-17 True/F alse/Not given
14. The infuenza affected cities more severely than rural areas.Not Given
15. At that time, the link between infuenza and microorganism was unknown.False
16. People used to think miasmas caused influenza.True
17. Patent medicines contained harmful ingredients. Not Given
Questions 18-21
18. covering made of gauze
19. metal nozzle
20. walls made of rubber
21. carbolic acid in the form of powder
Questions 22-25
22. Louisa Hill - initiated a legal case (原文说sued)
23. Louisa Hil's husband - made a complaint which was not responded to (原文说no reply)
24. Judge Hawkins - described the target audience of advertisements
25. Lord Justice Bowen- said advertisements can be seen as contracts
两个多余选项:
Used a doctor's letter as evidence
Defended a product's effectiveness
Question 26
26. Why is the case of carbolic smoke ball referred to in court today?
正确答案: it specified a contract can be one-sided (原文unilateral contract)
干扰选项:
it established a contract is legal document
It defined the nature of advertising contract between different parties.
It limited the power of advertisers to set up contracts with customers.
Passage 3
Topic
飓风
Content Review
Can hurricanes be moderated or diverted?
Paragraph A
Every year huge rotating storms packing winds greater than 74 miles per hour sweep across tropical seas and onto shorelines- -often devastating large swaths of territory.
When these roiling tempests- called hurricanes in the Atlantic and the easterm Pacific oceans, typhoons in the western Pacific and cyclones in the Indian Ocean- -strike heavily populated areas, they can kill thousands and cause bllions of dollars of property damage.
And nothing, absolutely nothing, stands in their way. But must these fearful forces of nature be forever beyond our control? My research colleagues and I think not. Our team is investigating how we might learm to nudge huricanes onto more benign paths or otherwise defuse them.
Paragraph B
To see why huricanes and other severe tropical storms may be susceptible to human intervention, one must understand their nature and origins. Huricanes grow as clusters of thunderstorms over the tropical oceans. Low-latitude seas continuously provide heat and moisture to the atmosphere, producing warm, humid air above the sea surface. When this air rises, the water vapor in it condenses to form clouds and precipitation. Condensation releases heat- the solar heat it took to evaporate the water at the ocean surface. This so-called latent heat of condensation makes the air more buoyant, causing it to ascend still higher in a self-reinforcing feedback process. Eventually, the tropical depression begins to organize and strengthen, forming the familiar eye- -the calm central hub around which a huricane spins. On reaching land, the hurricane's sustaining source of warm water is cut off, which leads to the stom's rapid weakening.
Paragraph C
OUR CURRENT STUDIES grew out of an intuition I had 30 years ago when I was a graduate student leaming about chaos theory. A chaotic system is one that appears to behave randomly but is, in fact, govemed by rules. It is also highly sensitive to initial conditions, so that seemingly insignificant, arbitrary inputs can have profound effects that lead quickly to unpredictable consequences. In the case of hurricanes, small changes in such features as the ocean's temperature, the location of the large- scale wind currents (which drive the storms' movements), or even the shape of the rain clouds spinning around the eye can strongly influence a huricane's potential path and power. The atmosphere's great sensitivity to tiny influences- and the rapid compounding of small ertors in weather-forecasting models- is what makes long-range forecasting (more than five days in advance) so dificult. But this sensitity also made me wonder whether slight, purposely applied inputs to a hurricane might generate powerfull effects that could infuence the storms, whether by steering them away from population centers or by reducing their wind speeds. I was not able to pursue those ideas back then, but in the past decade computer simulation and remote sensing technologies have advanced enough to renew my interest in large scale weather control. In particular, we use weather-forecasting technology to simulate the behavior of past hurricanes and then test the effects of various interventions by observing changes in the modeled storms.
Paragraph D
TO EXPLORE WHETHER the sensitivity of the atmospheric system could be exploited to modify atmospheric phenomena as powerful as hurricanes, our research group conducted computer simulation experiments for a hurricanes that occurred in 1992. When Huricane Iniki passed over the Hawaiian island of Kauai in September of that year, several people died, property damage was enormous and entire forests were leveled.
Paragraph E
Surprisingly, given the imperfections of existing forecasting technologies, our first simulation experiment was an immediate success. To alter the path of Iniki. we first chose where we wanted the storm to end up after six hours- about 60 miles west of the expected track. Thenwe used this target to create artificial observations and fed these into the computer model. We set the computer to calculate the smallest change to the initial set of the hurricane's key defining properties that would yield a track leading to the target location. In this early experiment we permitted any kind of possible artificial alteration to the storm system to take place. The most significant modifications proved to be in the starting temperatures and winds. Typical temperature adjustments across the grid were mere tenths of a degree, but the most notable change- -an increase of nearly two degrees Celsius- -occurred in the lowest model layer west of the storm center. The calculations yielded wind-speed alterations of two or three miles per hour. In a few locations, though, the velocities changed by as much as 20 mph because of minor redirections of the winds near the storm's center. Although the original and altered versions of Huricane Iniki looked nearly identical in structure, the changes in the key variables were large enough that the latter veered off to the west for the first six hours of the simulation and then traveled due north, so that Kauai escaped the storm's most damaging winds.
Paragraph F
Future earth-orbiting solar power stations, which could employ large mirrors to focus the sun's rays and panels of photovoltaic cells to harvest the energy for transfer down to the
earth, might be used to beam microwaves tuned to be absorbed by water vapor molecules in the storm or in its surroundings. The microwaves would cause the water molecules to vibrate and heat the surrounding air, thus causing the huricane to weaken or move in a desired direction.
Paragraph G
Computer simulations of huricanes indicate that changes in precipitation, evaporation and air temperature could alter a storm's path or weaken its winds. Intervention might take
various forms. Carefully targeted aerial cloud seeding with silver iodide or other precipitation-inducing materials might serve to rob a huricane's violent eye wall- -the key
feature of a severe tropical storm--of the_ water it needs to grow and intensify.
Biodegradable oil could be distributed across the sea surface in the path of a hurricane to limit evaporation- -the source of a storm's energy.
Questions & Answers
Questions 27-33 List ofHeadings
(8 options for 7 paragraphs, the option "i. hurricanes in history" is not a correct choice)
27. Paragraph A--are hurricanes unbeatable?
28. Paragraph B--how hurricanes form
29. Paragraph C--re-visit earlier ideas
30. Paragraph D--how a laboratory exercise re-route a hurricane
31. Paragraph E--how lives might have been saved
32. Paragraph F- exciting ways to tillize future technologies
33. Paragraph G---a range of low-tech methods
Questions 34-38 Summary Completion (ONE WORD ONLY)
Hurricanes grow as groups of 34. thunderstorms over the tropical oceans. Low-latitude seas continuously provide heat and moisture to the atmosphere, producing warm, humid air above the sea surface. When this air rises, the water vapor in it condenses to form clouds and precipitation. 35. C ondensation releases heat- the solar heat it took to | evaporate the water at the ocean surface. This so-called latent 36. heat of condensation makes the air more buoyant, causing it to ascend still higher in a self-reinforcing feedback process. Eventually, the tropical depression begins to organize and strengthen, forming the familiar 37. eye -the calm central hub around which a huricane spins. On passing over 38. land, the hurricane's sustaining source of warm water is cut off, which leads to the storm's rapid weakening.
Questions 39-40 Multiple Choice
39. What encouraged the writer to start researching hurricane control?
B. the developments in computer technologies (Paragraph B)
40. What was the writer's reaction after their first experiment?
C. surprised that their intervention had the intended effect (Paragraph E)
