2017年2月25日雅思考试阅读机经真题答案回忆【新航道版】

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Passage 1

Topic

childhood

Content Review

The concept of childhood in western countries

The history of childhood has been a topic of interest in social history since the highly influenced 1960 book Centuries of Childhood, witten by French historian Philippe Aries.

He argued that "childhood" is a concept created by modern society.

One of the most hotly. debated issues in the history of childhood has been whether childhood is itself a recent invention. The historian Philippe Aries argued that in westem Europe during the middle ages (up to about the end of the feenth century) children were regarded as miniature adults, with all the intellect and personality that this implies. He scrutinized medieval pictures and diaries, and found no distinction between children and adults as they shared simiar leisure actvities and often the same type of work. Aires, however, pointed out that this is not to suggest that children were neglected, forsaken or despised. The idea of chilhood is not too confused with affection for children. It |corresponds to an awareness of the particular nature of childhood, that particular nature which distinguished the child from the adult, even the young adults.

There is a long tradition of the children of the poor playing a functional role in contributing to the family income by working either inside or outside the home. In this sense children

are seen as 'useful'. Back in the middle ages, children as young as 5 or 6 did important chores for their parents and, from the sxteenth century were often encouraged or forced to leave family by the age of9 or 10 to work as servants for wealthier familes or to be apprenticed to a trade.

With industrialisation in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a new demand for child labour was created, and many children were forced to work for long hours, in mines, workshops and factories. Social refomers began to question whether labouring long hours from an eartly age would harm children's growing bodies. They began to recognize the potential of carrying out systematic studies to monitor how far these early deprivations might be affecting children's development.

Gradually, the concems of the refomers began to impact on the working conditions of children. In Britain, the factory act of 1833 signified the beginning of legal protection of

children form exploitation and was linked to the rise of schools for factory children. The worst forms of child exploitation were gradually eliminated, partly through factory refom

but also through the infuence of trade unions and economic changes during the 19th century which made some forms of child labour redundant. Childhood was increasingly seen as a time for play and education for all children, not just for a prvileged minority, initiating children into work as 'usefulr children became less of a priority, as the age for starting fll-time work was delayed, so childhood was increasingly understood as a more extended phase of dependency, development and learming. Even so, work continued to play a significant, if less central role in children's lives throughout the later 19th and 20th century. And the 'useful child' has become a controversial image during the first decade of the 21th century, especlally in the context of global concem about large numbers of the world's children engaged in child labour.

The factory act of 1833 established hal-time schools which allowed children to work and attend school. But in the 1840s, a large proportion of children never went to school, and if

they did, they left by the age of 10 or 11. The situation was very different by the end of the 19th century in Britain. The school became central to images of a 'normal' childhood.

Attending school was no longer a prvilege and all children were expected to spend a significant part of their day in a classroom. By going to school, children's lives were now

separated from domestic life at home and from the adult world of work. School became an institution dedicated to shaping the minds, behaviour and morals of the young. Education

dominated the management of children's waking hours, not just through the hours spent in classrooms but through 'Thome' work, the growth of 'after school activities and the

importance attached to parental involvement.

Industrialization, urbanization and mass schooling also set new challenged for those responsible for protecting children's weltare, and promoting their leaming. Increasingly,

chidren were being treated as a group with distinctive needs and they were organized into groups according to their age. For example, teachers needed to know what to expect of

children in their dlassrooms, what kinds of instruction were appropriate ftor different age groups and how best to assess children's progress. They also wanted tools that could

enable them to sort and select children according to their abllties and potential.

Questions & Answers

Questions 1-6

1. What is the controversial topic arises with the French historian Philppe Aries's concept?

childhood development

2. What image for children did Anes believed to be like in westem Europe during the middle age?

miniature adults

3. What economic development generated the need for great amount child labour to work king time in 18th and 19th century?

industrialisation

4. Which group concemed about physical etects on children's body development in 19* century?

new reformers

5. In 19h century, what activities were more and more regarded as being two main things for almost all children?

play and education

6. Which concept caused heated debates in 20 century? useful child

Questions 7-13 True/false/not given

7. During middle age, people had lite affection to children. FALSE

8. Aries' conclusions based on information about specific socio-economic group. FALSE

9.18m and 19h century, children did the same types of work as adults. NOT GIVEN

10. The establishment of schools is the result of Factory Act. TRUE

11. Factory Act ensure a majority of students go to school. FALSE

12. School attendance is compulsory for children at the beginning of 20" century. TRUE

13. Overtime, people reflected more on the particular need of children. NOT GIVEN

Passage 2

Topic

新冰河时代

Content Review

The new ice age

A William Curry is a serious, sober climate scientist, not an art critic .But he has spent a lot of time perusing Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze's famous painting "George Washington

Crossing the Delaware," which depicts a boatload of colonial American soldiers making their way to attack English and Hessian troops the day after Christmas in 1776. "Most

people think these other guys in the boat are rowing, but they are actually pushing the ice away," says Cury, tapping his finger on a reproduction of the painting. Sure enough, the

lead oarsman is bashing the frozen river with his boot. "I grew up in Philadelphia. The place in this painting is 30 minutes away by car. I can tell you, this kind of thing just doesn't

happen anymore."

B But it may again soon. And ice-choked scenes, similar to those immortalized by the 16th-century Flemish painter Pieter Brueghel the Elder, may also returm to Europe. His works, induding the 1565 masterpiece "Hunters in the Snow," make the now-temperate European landscapes look more like Lapland. Such frigid settings were commonplace during a period dating roughly from 1300 to 1850 because much of North America and Europe was in the throes of a ltle ice age. And now there is mounting evidence that the chill could retum. A growing number of sclentists belleve conditions are ripe for another prolonged cool down, or small ice age. While no one is predicting a brutal ice sheet like the one that covered the Northem Hemisphere with glaciers about 12,000 years ago, the next cooling trend could drop average temperatures 5 degrees Fahrenheit over much of the United States and 10 degrees in the Northeast, northerm Europe, and northem Asia.

C "It could happen in 10 years," says Terrence Joyce, who chairs the Woods Hole Physical Oceanography Department. Once it does, it can take hundreds of years to reverse." And he is alarmed that Amenicans have yet to take the threat seriously.

D A drop of 5 to 10 degrees entails much more than simply bumping up the thermostat and carrying on. Both economically and ecologically, such quick, persistent chilling could have devastating consequences. A 2002 report titled By Timber Song“ Abrupt Climate Change. Inevitable Surprises," produced by the National Academy of Sciences, pegged the cost from agriultural losses alone at $100 bllion to $250 bllion while also predicting that damage to ecologies could be vast and incalculable. A grim sampler. disappearing forests, increased housing expenses, dwindling freshwater, lower crop yields (n.产量)，and accelerated species extinctions.

E Political changes since the last ice age could make survival far more dificult for the world's poor. During previous cooling perods, whole tribes simply picked up and moved south, but that option doesn't work in the modern, tense world of closed borders.' To the extent that abrupt climate change may cause rapid and extensive changes of fortune for those who live off the land, the inability to migrate may remove one of the major safety nets for distressed people," says the report.

F But first things frst. lsn't the earth actually warming? Indeed it is, says Joyce. In his cluttered office, full of soft light from the foggy Cape Cod moming, he explains how such

warming could actually be the surprising culprit of the next minice age. The paradox is a result of the appearance over the past 30 years in the North Atlantic of huge rivers of fresh

water the equivalent of a 10-foot-thick layer-mixed into the salty sea. No one is certain where the fresh torrents are coming from, but a prime suspect is melting (adj.融化的)

Arctic ice, caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that traps solar energy.

G The freshwater trend is major news in ocean-science circles. Bob Dickson, a British oceanographer who sounded an alam at a February conference in Honolulu, has termed the drop in salinity and temperature in the Labrador Sea- a body of water between northeastem Canada and Greenland that adjoins the Atlantic's arguably the largest ull-depth changes observed in the modem instrumental oceanographic record."

H The trend could cause a itte ice age by subverting the northerm penetration of Gulf Stream waters. Normally, the Gulf Stream, laden with heat soaked up in the troplcs, meanders up the east coasts of the United States and Canada. As it flows northward, the stream urrenders heat to the air. By Timber Song Because the prevalling North Altlantic winds blow eastward, a lot of the heat wafts to Europe. That's why many scientists believe winter temperatures on the Continent are as much as 36 degrees Fahrenheit wamer than those in North America at the same latitude. Frigld Boston, for example, les at almost precisely the same latitude as balmy Rome. And some scientists say the heat also wams Americans and Canadians. "It's a real mistake to think of this solely as a European phenomenon," says Joyce.

Having given up its heat to the air, the now-cooler water becomes denser and sinks into the North Atlantic by a mile or more in a process oceanographers call thermohaline circulation. That in tum could make the Gulf Stream slow or veer southward. At some point, the whole system could simply shut down, and do so quickly. "There is increasing evidence that we are getting closer to a transtion point, from which we can jump to a new state. Small changes, such as a couple of years of heavy precipitation or melting ice at high latitudes, could yield a big response, says Joyce.

J“You have all this freshwater stting at high ltitudes, and it can lterally take hundreds of years to get rid of it," Joyce says. So while the globe as a whole gets warmer by tiny

fractions of 1 degree F ahrenheit annually, the North Atlantic reglon could, in a decade, get up to 10 degrees colder. What worries researchers at Woods Hole is that history is on the

side of rapid shutdown. They know it has happened before.

Questions & Answers

Questions 14-17

14. The writer mentions the paintings in the first two paragraphs to ilustrate

A. to indicate a possible future climate change

B. that the two paintings are immortalized

C. people's diterent opinions

D. a possible climate change happened 12,000 years ago

15. What was predicted by certalin scientists in the second paragraph?

A. the world will be fld with giant glacier again

B. it will take several years for the word to recover from the ice age

C. Most of the world will see a general cool down

16. Why did the 2002 report mention the river?

C. To indicate that the smallest change could have huge impact on earth

17. The poor will be most seriously affected by the

D. Travel restriction

Questions 18-22 Match the statement with the correct person

18. A new ice age is likely to speed up the extinction of endangered animals C

19. Samples from riverbed could be used to predict the ice age D

20. It will take a long time to recover from the newice age B

21. Indicates the most dramatic changes in ocean research history E

22. A image was misinterpreted by the public A

A. William cury

B. Terence Joyce

C. National academy of science

D. Researchers from Woodholes

E. Bob Dickson

Questions 23-26 complete the flow chart below

Tropic warm water become colder

Water become denser and sink because of loss of 23. heat

Thermohaline circulation moves the deep sea current called 24. the great ocean conveyor

25. Fresh water increase

Water become less dense and stay at the surtace of the ocean

Gulf stream moves 26. southward

Passage 3

Topic

澳洲盐碱地

Content Review

Sea water of salinity

Introduction: Australian salinity problems have existed for a long time and become worse.

A: The salinity problems call forth advanced technologies to solve the problem. People can use techniques which is used to detect gold to find salinity.

B: Planting trees is not effective and the Airbome Technology has some improvements. It can provide information about stored salt.

C: Angus Howell and other farmers have an organization called "landcare" to solve salinity, but some solutions have neglected that famers make a living on this land .

D: The salt is under the ground and can sneak away, so it's hard to solve the salinity problem.

E: Salinity problem is not for decades, but for century.

F: Electromagnetic system can measure the salt under ground and the soil and things of the ground, and predict the flow direction of underground water associated with salinity.

G: Radiometric can detect a place for farmers to plant the suitable plants.

H: The expert Philip said we need integration of Advanced Aitbore Electromagnetic,

radiometric, electromagnetic technique and ground mapping solve the salinity efficienty.

Questions & Answers

Questions 27-33 Matching. NB

27. a prediction of risks of salinity to water supplies F

28. the reason for a combination of technique is to be effective H

29. the reference of improvements of Airbome Electromagnetic B

30. the organization of farmers should be fficial bodies C

31. the estimate of time of salinity will have effects

32. a reference of stages of a proposed action to combat with the salinity G

33. revegetation is a waste of time B

Questions 34-36 Matching

34. Electromagnetic systems A，

35. Radiometric analysis B

36. Airbome Electromagnetic C

A. shows the composition of the upper layer ground

B. help farmers to find a suitable place to plant

C. find the depth of the salt underground

D. work out the history of the salt underground

Questions 37-40 Multiple choice

37. What is the link dose the writer mention between the gold and salt

C. the same technique can be used to detect them

38. What is the "process" in section B

D. it involves detecting salt by tracing its mineral

39. What does Angus Howell say about the way to tackle salinity

C. some solution can cause the farmers to lose income

40. What's the writers opinion about the salinity problem

A. it's difficult for farmers to fight against the salinity as it's unpredictable.