新航道2021年10月23日托福考试机经完整版
READING
Passage 1
Topic 农业学
Content Review
During the medieval period in Europe, the horse became important in farming. Farmers in ancient times relied on a team of two oxen to pull a plow and created a yoke so that animals could pull either a plow or a cart. Oxen were among the first animals used as a power source; their use dates to between 4000 and 3000B.C. Horses, on the other hand, were first harnessed some 2000 years later.
Passage 2
Topic 生物学
Content Review
鸟的散热
和人一样皮肤都会红，鸟会通过露出羽毛来散热。鸟的肺的呼吸也不是单向的，很复杂，同时还可以让水在体内蒸发来散热。
Passage 3
Topic 生物学
Content Review
temporary water pools对于aquatic insects来说是如何比permanent water pools更有生存优势的。
Passage 4
Topic 地理学
Content Review
oceanic island如何形成以及如何被动植物colonize，一开始什么都没有，后来有海鸟，还有各种风和洋流之类的。
Passage 5
Topic 生物学
Content Review
trex是carnivore还是scavenger。
Passage 6
Topic 物理学
Content Review
关于浮力buoyancy。
Passage 7
Topic 农业学
Content Review
叙利亚气温升高，以及人类定居及农作物的问题。
词汇题回忆
暂缺
LISTENING
Conversation 1
Topic校园生活场景
Content
学生和工作人员确认food activity是否一切都准备就绪了，并邀请staff来参与，staff有其他活动未能前去，但是给了女孩一些建议。
对话开始学生说又来叨扰老师了，是为了food activity的事情。The professor answers that everything is under schedule. The girl says she feels sorry to bother the staff for several times. The professor thanks for the girl’s appreciation. The girl invites the staff to the food activity, while the professor says he has to attend another event to celebrate a professor who is going to retire. The girl says she has even taken the professor’s class and she doesn’t think the day comes so soon. and she is amazing at the 30 years the professor has served. She says she just make sure what she will do after graduation. The staff says it is not the first time he hears about that. 然后staff给女孩推荐了关于演讲的一些素材和lecture。
Lecture 1
Topic天文学
Content
月亮上的石头让我们了解了moon, but one thing puzzled scientists：为什么许多都有magnetic signs? 这是不符合目前认知的，也就是月亮是不应该有磁场的。接着补充了一些需要的科普知识：一个专有名词出现在屏幕上。该名词解释了地球是怎么产生磁场的。主要是地球有一个molten metallic core，即hot liquid。 Liquid rises的时候，有其它东西沉下来，外加地球自转，就形成了磁场。但是，由于月亮温度低、体积小，所以月亮有磁场让科学家很意外，所以文章就是来研究问什么月球会形成磁场的。
一种研究发现是因为meteorites and asteroids撞击;另一种是月亮有像地球一样的core，也就是hot liquid理论。为了证明这两个哪个是对的，进行了进一步研究：一种analysis可以解释，这里有一个专有名词“t”to name this theory：主要说月亮在很早很早之前就含有一种矿物质，说明月亮上早就有磁场了。科学家发现在很多年前，moon had a liquid core，所以不是撞击。这种非撞击理论比较可信，因为比较符合大家对月亮起源的推测。然而撞击理论也认为月亮有molten core. 教授说接下来还要继续讨论这种理论以及两种理论的关系。
SPEAKING
Task 1
When people are in difficult situations, some prefer to consult their parents or other elders in their relatives; others prefer to get advice from their friends who are of their own age. Which one do you prefer and why?
Task 2
Reading: school announcement
大学决定给学生提供a new series of classes，一共有three sessions，为了help students adapt to the academic life on campus. And benefits can also come when they socialize。
Listening:
男生agree
理由1：When he was first enrolled on campus, he had trouble managing his schedule. 于是他把一些learning activities(reading for an essay) postpone to the end of the semester，使得自己never caught up。
理由2：socialize的时候，music students多数会跟自己same interest和same major的人去hang out，而跟不同的人，例如engineer or art students，会be interesting and rewarding。
Task 3
Reading：
Inaction inertia
Inaction inertia is the phenomenon that one is not likely to act on an attractive opportunity after having bypassed an even more attractive opportunity. So far, all published work has assumed a causal role for the emotion regret in this effect. In a series of 5 experiments we found no support for this regret explanation.
Listening：
教授举例是买音乐会的票。研究员把participants分成two groups，one group被告诉offered tickets with 10% off，然后80% are willing to accept. 另外一组被告知第 一次phone call票价50%，但是they failed to pick it up，这时候再被asked whether they would accept, only few accepted the tickets with 10% off.
Task 4
Monkeys on trees have different ways to get water.
首先是通过food，例如howler monkeys主要吃tender leaves of the tree which are rich in moisture;
其次是plants that collect water when it rains，例如spider monkeys在一些shape like cups的plants on trees里获得water supply。
WRITING
Task 1
Topic
Reading
英国海军Sir John Franklin船上的一些crew死于lead poisoning，有人猜测是密封canned food所使用的lead导致的，but it is improbable，有以下三个原因：
1. Lead did not contact with the food. 铅确实用来密封罐头，但因为铅只用于罐头表面，而不与食物接触，所以不可能是封罐头的铅导致的中毒;
2. Other ships did not report poisoning. 当时其他船的船员也都会食用这种罐头，假如真的因为罐头不可能只有这艘船的船员会发生中毒案件;
3. Other source led to the poisoning. 这艘船有个unique water purification system，这个系统里面有lead pipe，所以是这个lead pipe的铅渗入到了水中，造成了船员铅中毒。
Listening
就是canned food上的铅导致的铅中毒。
1. canned food的公司给了员工time pressure，所以员工在密封罐头的时候会careless，导致密封铅与食品接触，进而导致船员中毒;
2. 其他船的船员很可能也中毒了，只不过比较轻微所以没有报告。因为轻微铅中毒的症状是tiredness and headache，容易和其他病症混淆。所以其他船的船员中毒事件没有detected and reported;
这个unique water purification system是给引擎供水的，因为是steam engine，所以需要把海水变成fresh water，不然引擎用海水会损坏。并且船员有separate water purification system，并没有喝这个water purification system的水。
Task 2
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
It is better to take risks and explore new things when you are older rather than when you are younger.
