SAT2化学考前必背知识
SAT2化学考前必背知识,很多同学苦于化学有很多专业名词不认识,实验设备不熟悉,周期表规律不明确等问题。时间短,任务重!!!上海新航道SAT培训班为大家整理了SAT2化学中部分核心必背知识,希望对大家高效备考有所帮助。
一.常见元素的名称
H: hydrogen [ˈhaidrədʒən]
He: helium ['hi:liəm]
Li: lithium ['liθiəm
Be: beryllium [be'riliəm]
B: boron ['bɔ:rɔn]
C: carbon [ˈkɑ:bən]
N: nitrogen [ˈnaitrədʒən]
O: oxygen [ˈɔksidʒən]
F: fluorine ['fluəri:n]
Ne: neon [ˈni:ɔn ˈni:ən]
Na: sodium ['səudiəm]
Mg: magnesium [mægˈni:ziəm]
Al: aluminum [ˈæljuˈminiəm]
Si: silicon [ˈsilikən]
P: phosphorus ['fɔsfərəs]
S: sulfur [ ['sʌlfə]
Cl: chlorine ['klɔ:ri:n]
Ar: argon ['ɑ:gɔn]
Ca: calcium [ˈkælsiəm]
Rb: rubidium [ru:'bidiəm]
K: potassium [pə'tæsiəm]
Br: bromine ['brəumi:n]
I: iodine [ˈaiədi:n]
Ba: barium ['bɛəriəm]
Fe : iron ['aiən]
Mn : manganese [ˈmæŋgə'ni:z]
Cu: copper [ˈkɔpə]
Zn: zinc [ziŋk]
Hg: mercury [ˈmə:kjuri]
Ag: silver [ˈsilvə]
Au: gold [gəuld]
Pt: platinum ['plætinəm]
二.酸的命名二元无氧酸的命名
以H作为阳离子,在成酸元素前加 Hydro, 成酸元素之后改“–ic”,再加 acid。
举例H2S:Hydrosulfuric acid
含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子的命名
高某酸 per-ic
高某酸根 per-ate
正酸 –ic
正酸根 –ate
亚酸 –ous
亚酸根 -ite
次酸 hypo-ous
次酸根hypo-ite
过酸 peroxy;
举例:
HClO4 perchloric acid (高氯酸)
ClO4- perchlorate ion
HClO3 chloric acid (氯酸)
ClO3- chlorate ion
HClO2 chlorous acid (亚氯酸)
ClO2- chlorite ion
HClO hypochlorous acid (次氯酸)
ClO- hypochlorite ion
3. 常见沉淀
四种盐沉淀:
AgCl, BaSO4, BaCO3, CaCO3,
四种碱沉淀:
Al(OH)3,Cu(OH)2,Fe(OH)3,Mg(OH)2
其中Cu(OH)2是蓝色沉淀,Fe(OH)3是红色沉淀
AgCl,BaSO4不与任何物质反应,其余与酸反应
百试不爽小口诀:钾钠铵盐都可溶,硝盐入水影无踪,盐酸不溶银亚汞,硫酸不溶钡和铅,碳酸磷酸多不溶
4. 原子结构发展史
5.分子几何构型和杂化轨道
6.常用化学仪器的名称和作用
Asbestosed wire gauze(石棉网): Generally used as a surface for a beaker or flask to rest when being heated by a Bunsen burner
Balance: Used for obtaining the masses of solid and liquid samples
Beaker(烧杯): A flat-bottomed, cylindrical piece of glassware used for mixing and heating compounds
Bunsen burner(煤气喷灯): Attached to a gas line and lit to provide heat for your experiments
Buret(滴定管): An extremely accurate device with a stopcock at the bottom used to measure volumes of reagents
Ceramic square: Used to avoid burning the surface of your lab bench and incurring your chemistry teacher's wrath
Clamps: Used to hold a variety of things in place, particularly test tubes
Clay triangle(陶制三角架): Used to hold a crucible while it is being heated
Condenser(冷凝器): Used to collect vapors by condensing them into liquid as they contact the liquid-cooled inner surface of the condenser
Crucible(坩埚): A cup-shaped container capable of sustaining high temperatures. It is used to heat chemicals.
Crucible tongs(坩埚钳):Used to handle the hot crucible
Erlenmeyer flask(锥形瓶):Used to hold liquids, especially no heating needed. The small upper opening slows evaporation, so for some volatile liquids, a flask is a better choice than a beaker. The shape also makes it suitable for mixing and swirling liquids during a titration.
Florence flask(圆底烧瓶): A type of flask, generally round-bottomed, usually suspended and heated from below (need wire gauze). Its shape makes it easy to swirl and mix liquids inside of it.
Funnel(漏斗): Used together with filter paper to filter precipitates out of solutions
Graduated cylinder(量筒): Used to precisely measure volumes
Mortar and pestle(研钵及研杵): Used to grind chemical compounds for chemistry experiments
Pipette(移液管): Used to transfer accurately measured amounts of liquid from one container to another
Pneumatic trough (集气槽): Used to collect gas that is insoluble in water
Rubber stoppers(橡皮塞): Used to close flasks or test tubes to prevent evaporation of liquids or escape of gases
Scoopula(抹刀勺): Another instrument used to transfer solids from one place to another
Test tube(试管): Cylindrical open-topped piece of glassware that comes in varying sizes
Thermometer(温度计):Used to measure temperatures. Thermometers generally contain liquid mercury.
Volumetric flask: A volumetric flask (measuring flask or graduated flask) is a piece of laboratory glassware, a type of laboratory flask, calibrated to contain a precise volume at a particular temperature.
Volumetric pipette: A volumetric pipette or bulb pipette allows extremely accurate measurement (to four significant figures) a volume of solution. It is caliberated to deliver accurately fixed volume of dilute appearing solution such as standard,caliberated or a non viscous sample.
Watch glass(表面皿): A piece of glassware in the shape of a large contact lens used for evaporating liquids