2022年8月20日雅思考试阅读机经真题答案回忆【新航道版】

READING

Passage 1

Topic :

Food desert食品沙漠

A volunteer effort to map all the food stores in Brooklyn, N.Y, is an example of two rising trends: citizen mapping and inereasing scrutiny of urban Amerieans' access to healthy food.

The Brooklyn Food Coalition held its data entry party on the Monday after Martin Luther King Jr. Day.That night was especially dry and cold; even indoors,everyone was bundled in

sweatshirts and scarves. Above couches on which eight volunteers sat with laptops perched on their knees, there hung a framed quote by Indian author Arundhati Roy:"Not only is another

world possible she is on her way. On a quiet day, I can hear her breathing."

The volunteers were collating the results of a recent survey of the 200-some greengrocers and convenience stores in Crown Heights, a neighborhood in Brooklyn N.Y. As they tapped away

on their keyboards, colorful dots appeared on their online map, Foodcensus.org. The map shows the loeations of all the food stores in a handful of central Brooklyn neighborhoods.

Clicking on a location-one of the dots-brings up a dialogue balloon that displays the store's name and address and whether it earries fresh fruit and vegetables w hole grain bread, low-fat

dairy and other healthy options.' The volunteers plan to eventually map the entire borough.

Northern and central Brooklyn have some of the unhealthiest food stores in New York City,according to a paper published by New York City District Public Health Offce researchers in January,"We want to get to a more specific and detailed description of what that looks like,"says Jeffrey Heehs, who leads the mapping project. He hopes the map will help residents find

fresh food and help policymakers assess food availability.

The Brooklyn mapping effort represents the intersection of two growing trends:mapping fresh food markets in Us. Cities and private citizens creating online maps of local features in their

neighborhoods. According to Michae Goodchild, a geographer at the University of California at Santa Barbara, citizen cartographers may make maps just for fun; because there is no

good government-made map for the area, as in Port-au-Prince, Haiti; or to record problems such as potholes or burned-out traff lights.

"AlI this has come out in the past four years," says Michele Ver Ploeg, a USDA economist who prepared相report to Congress in2009 about "food deserts," or urban areas where the stores

sell mostly packaged snacks or fast food instead of fresh produce.

Low-incorme neighborhoods, w here residents are at higher risk for obesity and chronie disease,are often located in food deserts according to recent research.Researchers have several theories about how food deserts arose. Linda Alwitt and Thomas Donley marketing researchers at DePaul University in Chicago, wrote in The Journal of Consumer Affairs in 2005 that

supermarkets often can't afford large enough properties for their stores in cities. Alwitt and Donley also have posited that when more affuent families moved out of many inner cities in

the Us.during the1970s and 1980s ，supermarkets left as well.City planning researcher Cliff Guy and his cllagues at the University of Leeds in the U.K.wrote in the International Journal

of Retail& Distribution Management in2004 that smaller urban groceries tend to close due to competition from suburban supermarkets.

As fresh food stores leave a neighborhood residents find it harder to eat well and stay healthy.

Food deserts are linked with lower local health outcomes, and they may be a driving force in the health disparities among lower -income and affluent people in. the Us The issue attracted

national attention in2008 when that year's Farm Bill included for the first time, funding to study and improve food deserts.

Now more Us.cities are taking stock of their food landscapes. Last year, the USDA launched a map of food store densities in all the U.s. counties Mari Gallagher who runs a private'

consulting firm says her researchers have mapped food stores and health statistics for the cities of Detroit, Chicago, Cincinnati and Washington D.c. These maps help cities identify where food deserts are and occasionally, have documented that people living in food deserts have higher rates of cancer and diet-related diseases.

The Brooklyn effort differs in that it's run by local core of five volunteers not professional researchers, who have worked on the projcct for the past year. To gather data they simply go to individual stores with pre-printed surveys in hand and check off boxes for the products for sale and whether the store accepts food stamp benefits.The team usually works with other local

service groups or high school students looking to fulfill community service hours.

As citizen cartographers, they're a part of the second trend,one that geographers say is becoming increasingly popular. The movement is fueled by new technologies such as mapping apps and GPS-enabled smart phones, other handheld GPS devices, Google maps and Open treet Map, an open-souree online map with a history involvement in social justice. After Haiti's devastating January 2010 earthquake, for example, Open Street Map contributors built the first digital street map of Port-au-Prinee. Brooklyn-based Foodcensus.org uses Open Street Map as its base. Such tools are"very, very simple to use and esentially available to everybody" says Goodchild.

Like the Brooklyn Food Coalition volunteers many citizen cartographers use maps to bring loeal problems to olfcial atention Goodchild says. Heehs, the mapping projet leader says that

after his group gathers more data, it will compare neighborhoods,draft policies to address local needs and then lobby New York City officials. Foodcensusorg hasn't caught much local or

official attention yet ,however. The Web site, which launched last month doesn't yet track its hits so its creators don't know who's looking at it.'

Experts who visited the, Brooklyn group's site were optimistic but cautious'"This kind of detailed information could be very useful says Ver Ploeg. To make the map more helpful to

both residents and policy makers, she would like to see price data for healthy products too Karen Ansela registered dietician and a spokesperson for the American Dietetic Association,

found the site confusing to navigate. "That said, with this information in navigate. "That said,with this information in place, Foodcensus has the tools to build a more user-friendly site that could be.very helpful to consumers" she says The group also should . ensure their map is available to those who don't have internet access at home she adds. In fact, 27 percent of

Brooklyn residents don't have internet at home and8 percent rely on dial-up serviceinstead of high-speed, internet access, according to Gretchen Maneval, director of Brooklyn College's

Center for the Study of Brooklyn. The Center's numbers come from data received from the New York City Mayor's Offce.

"It's still very much a work in progress," Heehs says of the coalition's online map. They'll start advertising it online and bye-mail to other community groups such as urban food garden

associations, next month.He also e hopes warmer days in the spring will draw out more volunteers to finish surveying-they. have about two-thirds of Brooklyn left to cover-and to spread awareness.

1-6为填空题

1. location

2. policies

3. government

4. incomes

5. land

6. competition

7-13为判断题

7. NO

8. NO

9. YES

10.NO

11. YES

12. NOT GIVEN

13. YES

Passage 2

Topic

Australian Dingos澳洲野犬

14-20为段落匹配题

14.E

15.D

16. C

17. B

18. F

19.A

20. D

A. The relationship between Tasmania tigers and dingoes.

B. The prevention on the number of dingoes.

C. Dingo's preference on predators.

D. The introduction of dingoes to Australia.

E. Dingoes prefer native animals than non- native ones.

F. An earlier method to control dingoes.

G.待回忆

21-23为人物观点匹配题

21. D 'The number of dingoes will affect the income of farmers.

22. A The relationship between dingoes and balance of nature.

23. B The preference on predators.

24-26为填空题

24. The extinction ofTasmanian tigers are partly due to the competition from dingoes.

25. Dingoes prefer to choose calves as their preys.

26. Dingoes can control the number of wild-ife animal from overpopulation.

Passage 3

Topic

Pacific Voyage太平洋航行

27-31为单选题

32-36为判断题

37-40为句子配对题

答案暂缺