新航道团队说 浅谈雅思写作中的名词化
雅思写作7分标准中有一项(词汇项):“with some awareness of style and collocation”,即要求学生对写作的文体有一定的认识。从文体上来说,雅思写作的文体介于非正式英语和正式英语之间,更偏向正式英语。
接下来是上海新航道雅思培训小编带来的浅谈雅思写作中的名词化
1. 什么是名词化
名词化主要指用把原本用动词或者形容词表达的地方换成名词。比如consume变成consumption,flexible变成flexibility就是动词和形容词的名词化。名词化的主要优点是增加了语言的客观性和抽象逻辑性,所以在英语的书面文体中比较常见。
2. 为什么要了解名词化
雅思写作7分标准中有一项(词汇项):“with some awareness of style and collocation”,即要求学生对写作的文体有一定的认识。从文体上来说,雅思写作的文体介于非正式英语和正式英语之间,更偏向正式英语。文体越正式,雅思的考试得分就会越高,而越正式的英语文章中名词化的频率越高。
3. 如何名词化
先看两个简单的名词化例子:
例1.Traditional ways of life disappeared.
句中disappear为动词,其名词形式为disappearance。动宾结构(V. + sth.)在名词化过程中一般可变为N. of sth.。将原句名词化之后形成一个名词化短语:
the disappearance of traditional ways of life
例2.Traffic accidents are dangerous
句中dangerous为形容词,名词形式为danger。Sth. is adj. 结构在名词化过程中一般也可变为N. of sth。将原句名词化之后也形成一个名词化短语:
The danger of traffic accidents
单个动词或者形容词的名词化,比较常用的方法就是加后缀,如动词后面加-sion, -tion, -ment, -sure等,形容词后面加-ance, -ence, -ancy, -ency等。除了在原词后面直接加后缀以外,要注意一些异性词之间也可以同义转换。如eat的名词形式可写为consumption, unfair可名词化为inequality.
例3.Children are eating more junk food.
名词化:the increased consumption of junk food by children
从上述三个例子可以看到,简单句在名词化之后成为了名词短语,这样方便继续添加其他成分(谓语、宾语等),使单句的信息量更大。但要注意,之所以要名词化,是因为我们想要表达的是一种状态或者一个事件而不是动作,名词化之后句中的谓语动词,才是我们真正要去强调的动作。
如例1中的短语可以扩充为:
The advances in technology contributed to the disappearance of traditional ways of life.
句中,contribute to(导致、促成)是整句中要强调的动作,the advances in technology 是 the disappearance of traditional ways of life的原因,原动词“advance”和“disappear”并不是句中要强调的动作,所以这里的名词化比较合理。 同理,例3中的名词化短语也可以扩充为:
The increased consumption of junk food contributes to poor health.
例4.再看复杂句和两个单句中的名词化。
When the plan is realized, the welfare of the people will be greatly enhanced
原句中有两个动词“realize”和“enhance”,其中the plan is realized可变为the realization of the plan。名词化后变成:
The realization of the plan will greatly enhance the welfare of the people
名词化后只用了一个动词(enhance),原句从状语从句变成了简单句,使单句中所含信息量更大。
例5.The speaker used slang extensively. This confused the students.
名词化:
The speaker’s extensive use of slang confused the students.
(有时行为的发出者和对象同时出现时,可同时使用两种所有格)
除了常见的N. of sth.形式外,常见的名词化词汇还有如下结构(注意中间的介词);这些名词短语都可以在句中充当主语、宾语等
the popularity of (the Internet)
the loss of (cultural identities)
the lack of (self-control)
the increase in (employment)
the participation in (extreme sports)
the growth in (population)
the frequent exposure to (violence)
…
剑桥真题例句:
High tax penalties could be imposed on high-fat food products, tobacco and alcohol, as excessive consumption of any of these contributes to poor health. (剑9)
The greater flexibility of the primary timetable allows for more frequent, shorter sessions and for a play-centred approach, thus maintaining learners’ enthusiasm and progress. (剑9)
4. 正确使用名词化
名词化虽然是正式英语写作中比较重要的一个特点,但是要正确使用,并不能为了名词化而名词化。
先下面两个例子:
We must make an improvement in our work.
This paper gives an analysis of the water problem
这两句话中,最主要的两个动作“改善”和“分析”都包含在improvement和analysis这两个名词中,前面的两个动词make和give对句子的意思基本没有起到作用。这里的名词化(improve – improvement, analyze – analysis)就显得有些画蛇添足,同时还增加了句子结构的复杂性。
正确的写法应该是:
We must improve our work.
This paper analyzes the water problem.
类似的例子还有:
to make an investigation of = to investigate
to have trust in = to trust
to give a guidance to = to guide
to conduct reform of = to reform
to issue an announcement = to announce
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